Animal Feeding Operations (Cafos) for Term Paper

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, 2000, p. 686). Virtually all swine CAFOs must cope with a significant amount of waste materials on-site that have been linked with serious odors and contain antimicrobials, nutrients, organics, and pathogenic microbes (Cole et al., 2000). For instance, raw swine manure can contain as much as 100 million fecal coliform bacteria per gram (Crane, Moore & Gismer, 1983). Futhermore, it has been estimated that 100 million lions tons of feces and urine are produced annually by the 60 million hogs raised in the United States (Meadows, 1995). According to Cole et al. (2000), the detection of specific exposures and diseases in the communities surrounding swine CAFOs has presented a challenge for the industry and healthcare officials alike because of the additional complexities of environmental dispersion of agents and human exposure pathways. In addition, the susceptibility of community residents to contaminants and pathogens may be substantially different from that of the workers and the respective facilities involved.

Current and Future Trends. Today, the storage and treatment of the enormous levels of wastes generated in swine CAFOs is generally accomplished in wastewater lagoons. "Lagoons became popular for the storage and management of swine wastes as production facilities increased in size and efficient storage and treatment of wastes became necessary" (Cole et al., 2000, p. 687).

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Most, but not all, of such swine lagoons depend primarily on anaerobic bacteria (these are bacteria that do not require oxygen to remediate the waste) in order to decompose the organic matter since more organic matter per unit lagoon volume can be handled by anaerobic bacteria than by aerobic processes; in addition, anaerobic lagoons can be deeper, requiring less land area than aerobic lagoons (Cole et al., 2000).

Conclusion

The research showed that recent changes in swine-management practices have created a two-fold problem: 1) there has been an increase in the health hazards associated with such practices by virtue of the confined spaces in which they take are practiced; and 2) these changes have also caused a public relations problem for the industry, particularly in the communities immediately situated near such facilities. However, the research also showed that there are some intelligent steps that the industry can take to help deal with these issues, including sound environmental health practices in the workplace and providing anaerobic lagoons to help remediate the large amount of biological wastes that are inevitably generated at such CAFOs......

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