Eating Disorders and Depression Chapter

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ascertaining the link between depression and eating disorders, with particular focus on young adults and teens. Not much information is available on the subject of eating disorder (ED)-diagnosed persons' nutritional status and food consumption. The objectives of this study were:

To explain eating disorder-diagnosed teens' nutritional intake and To study the relationship of depression with ED among teens without as well as with ED.

A number of data sources were employed for individual papers examined for this research. This examination facilitates the drawing of a few key inferences. ED's high stability and its major link to obesity and declining psychological health among adults highlight the necessity of timely problem identification and treatment in childhood and teenage. Depressed youngsters must be especially observed to detect restrictive ED development. Further, adult females depicting a lifetime ED diagnosis showed double the likelihood to report migraines as compared to unrelated members of this very cluster; comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) accounts for this association. Further studies need to deal with intermediary elements which may account for the mechanisms through which such linkages develop. Research findings highlighted the need to prevent, treat and detect ED in a timely manner, not just in obese/overweight teens, but in all patients exhibiting internalizing symptoms and abnormal eating.

Introduction

Depressed youngsters must be especially observed to detect restrictive ED development. Experts have often related eating issues to weak metabolic control. Depression is becoming increasingly common among type 1 diabetics (T1D); it is worth mentioning that an alarming prediction for this century is depression and diabetes's emergence as a highly prevalent health issues. But scant information exists on depression's occurrence among T1Ds. While young T1Ds commonly exhibit ED and depressive symptoms, their impact on metabolism control and their interrelationship haven't been adequately studied (Christina, et al., 2015). Metabolic control may be indirectly or directly weakened by EDs through induced depression. ED symptoms' complexity has led to growing interest in attempting to comprehend the mechanisms behind the complete eating psychopathology. Contemporary scholars largely acknowledge the existence of several risk pathways linked to eating psychopathology growth and continuance (Costa, Maroco, Pinto Gouveia, & Ferreira, 2016). This analytical work will study the link between depression and ED in teens, also concisely studying the role of migraine on depression and eating practices.

Literature Review

Literature constantly cites linkages between depression and ED. Prevalence researches report as much as 80% comorbidity between the two conditions.

i. Between Men and Women

Depression was found to be more prevalent in young female T1D patients than males, but a sounder link existed between metabolic control and single depression among males (Lyoo, et al., 2012). Depression-diabetes coexistence increased diabetes-related complications and mortality among T1D females. Depression and ED symptoms are assumed to be more prevalent among T1D females than males (Christina, et al., 2015).

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ii. Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Longitudinal research which looks into ED's course from teenage to the young adulthood stage is limited with heterogeneous outcomes, probably because of fairly small size of samples, patient selection and differences in research designs. While fresh researches have revealed stability in ED behavior and ED itself between early teenage and young adulthood, prior researches failed to prove such continuity in most participants. Most researches revealed that ongoing ED behavior was combined with obesity occurrence and a broad array of psychopathology (Herpertz-Dahlmann, Dempfle, Konrad, Klasen, & Ravens-Sieberer, 2015).

iii. Women and Migraine

MDD, ED and migraine show predominance in female patients. Whether or not migraine has greater prevalence in ED-diagnosed females as compared to healthy females is yet to be determined. Mustelin and coworkers (2014) cite references to several literature sources which fail to provide decisive evidence, owing to inadequate sample data. Researchers discovered that the reason for migraine's prevalence in ED-afflicted females is: comorbid MDD linked closely to migraine. High prevalence of migraine in comorbid MDD and ED-afflicted females may occur due to an interaction between the two; the researchers, however, weren't adequately equipped to carry out a formal examination.

Methodology

This section evaluates the methodology adopted in the aforementioned literature sources.

Allen and colleagues (2012) forwarded questionnaire packages to teen participants to complete at home prior to attending direct assessment, aiming at:

1. Examining ED-afflicted teens' nutritional intake in relation to control cluster -- micro and macro-nutrient consumption comparison was carried out across non-ED and ED clusters

1. Comparing fatty acid consumption across ED-afflicted teens without and with depression -- the ED group was segregated into low and high depression clustered based on Beck Depression Inventory for Youth (BDI-Y) scores, through the use of fixed cut-offs,

1. Exploring links between depression, ED and fatty acid consumption -- correlations were studied between BDI-Y scores, fat consumption and global ED symptom scores and

1. Testing a meditational theory where fat consumption is a partial mediating factor in the depression-ED linkage -- regression analyses were performed for ascertaining whether fat consumption mediated the depression-ED linkage.

Herpertz-Dahlmann and colleagues (2015) used specially-prepared interviewers for performing a computer-aided child/teenager and parent interview. Respondents were also mailed questionnaires, to be returned by post. The SCOFF questionnaire evaluated reference point and follow-up ED behavior. SCOFF is an abbreviation for the first alphabet of focus words in the following five questions evaluating various ED elements.

1. Do you get sick due to an uncomfortable feeling of fullness? (purposeful vomiting)

1. Are you worried that you no longer have control over the quantity you consume? (lack of intake control)

1. Of late, have you lost over one stone of wright within 3 months? (weight loss)

1. Do you consider yourself fat.....

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