Attention Deficit Disorder Term Paper

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Attention Deficit Disorder

According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1994), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD or ADHD) is a diagnosis given to children and adults who display certain characteristic behaviors on a consistent basis over an extended period of time. The most common behaviors that characterize ADD include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

According to statistics, people living with ADHD experience a continuous movement of sounds, images, and thoughts, similar to a fast-paced kaleidoscope (Johnson, 2002). ADD victims are easily bored yet are unable to concentrate. They are easily distracted and tend to daydream. The following statement describes the behavior of a typical child who suffers from ADD or ADHD: "Tommy can't sit still. He is disruptive at school with his constant talking and clowning around. He leaves the classroom without the teacher's permission. Although he has above-average intelligence, Tommy has trouble reading and writing. When he talks, the words come out so fast no one understands him" (Rees, 1994, p. 311).

As our knowledge of Attention Deficit Disorder increases, we are learning that ADD is more than just a disorder of childhood (Richardson, 1999). ADD is a life-long condition, as children with ADD grow up to be adults with ADD. ADD victims have relationships, children, and create families with many people. Thus, it is essential to treat children and adults with ADD, and their entire families.

The Importance of Treatment

It is widely believed that ADD runs in families (Richardson, 1999). Estimations show that there is a 30% chance that a child with ADD has at least one parent with ADD. There is also a 30% chance that the same child will have a sibling with ADD. According to Richardson, "Living in a family with ADD can be like living in a five ring circus. There is always someone or something that demands attention."

Parents naturally want to support their children and are often willing to sacrifice their needs for the needs of their children. The problem with this is that it is hard for people with ADD to provide consistent parenting for any child, let alone a child with ADD.

Families with ADD are prone to physical and verbal abuse.

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Substances like alcohol, food and drugs are often used to self-medicate the pain and frustration of untreated ADD (Richardson, 1999). Many parents of children with ADD suffer from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which is a condition that occurs when people are subjected to extreme, ongoing stress that exceeds normalcy. PTSD symptoms include depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, hyper-vigilance, and more.

For these reasons, it is imperative that ADD is treated in the context of the family, or individual's environment (Richardson, 1999). Behavioral therapy that is specific to addressing the symptoms of ADD is important. Family therapy that includes parents and siblings with and without ADD is also important.

Treating ADD

According to the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA), the best way to treat attention deficit disorders is by combining behavior therapy and medication. Behavior therapy can be very helpful in addressing and modifying the social and behavior problems in children with ADD (Johnson, 2002). Behavior therapy utilizes a series of techniques, concentrating on establishing distinct rules for a patient's behavior and giving him or her feedback through rewards and mild punishments. Some forms of behavior therapy include modeling, problem-solving, and social skills training. For children, behavior therapy often occurs in the classroom and at home, with the help of parents and teachers.

In some cases, it may be necessary and beneficial for a child with ADD to be medicated, in addition to participating in behavior therapy (Johnson, 2002, Rabiner, 2001). However, when determining whether or not medication is necessary, it is crucial to distinguish between the major symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, and the associated problems such as academic struggles, disruptive behavior, social difficulties, and emotional problems, including depressed mood and low self-esteem.

The American Psychological Association (1994) cites the importance of psychological assessment in diagnosing and treating childhood behavioral disorders, such as ADD. According to the APA, only psychological….....

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