Awareness and Management of Hypertension Term Paper

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Introduction

Health disparities refer to avoidable dissimilarities existing in the occurrence of violence, disease and injury or in the opportunities for enjoying peak health which is faced by minority and social disadvantaged ethnic and racial populations and communities. Health differences are present across every age group, even in the older adults. Even though general health and life expectancy have both gotten better of recent, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention knows that not every senior adult is enjoying these benefits equally as a result of factors like race, economic status and gender. The CDC realises that this issue is slowly becoming a huge concern and it is integrating it into our duties (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015).

Hypertension, commonly called High Blood Pressure, refers to a medical condition where blood flows in its vessels with a higher-than-normal force. When the heart beats, it drives blood through the arteries to other body parts. When the pumped blood presses harder on the arterial wall, blood pressure increases. A human’s blood pressure varies throughout the day. It is mostly higher after an exercise session, when you get up in the morning or when under stress. Hypertension can overwork the heart, rupture blood vessels or raise the danger of stroke, heart attack, kidney problems as well as death (Pcori, 2013).

Identify Statistics

The hypertension therapy regimens employed by adult African Americans within the Jackson Heart Study were analysed during the first two medical examinations (2415 persons at Exam I, 2000–2004; 2577 at Exam II, 2005–08). The blood pressure (BP) reading was lower than 140/90 mm Hg for 66% and 70% at Exam I and II respectively; JNC7 BP treatment objectives were achieved for 56% and 61% at Exam I and II respectively. People living with CKD or diabetes have lower likelihood of having BP at the target. Similarly men have lower likelihood in comparison with women. The most regularly used anti-hypertensive drugs are thiazide diuretics and the people taking these have higher tendencies of having their BP regulated than those who are not. Thiazide use was much less in men compared to women. Though calcium channel blockers are normally considered as effective single therapy for the African Americans, people using this therapy have reduced likelihood of being at the target BP in comparison to people on thiazide single therapy (Harman et al., 2013).

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Current Literature

The popularity of hypertension among African Americans is one of the world’s highest and as this population have high likelihood of poorly controlling this condition, they commonly suffer target-organ damage. Among the several American Americans living with hypertension who suffer heart failure, their hypertension is found to be poorly controlled. Nonetheless, even with risk factor adjustments and even blood pressure regulation, African Americans are still at high risk of heart problems especially heart failure (Sharma, Colvin-Adams & Yancy, 2014).

Hypertension is very important to African Americans as it needs intensive examination and aggressive therapy. Anti-hypertension drugs needs to be prescribed in time and there is a reduced possibility of reducing the effectiveness of therapy with drug combinations as most hypertensive persons require above one. A significant debate is raging on the proper blood pressure levels for identifying hypertension as well as the peak target BPs among African Americans. The report submitted by the Joint National Committee in 2014 suggests 140/90 mm Hg as the hypertension therapy target for every patient excluding older adults, in whose case, 150/90 mm Hg is suitable. It also suggests the same targets for all African Americans. Former recommendations made by this committee include the use of thiazide diuretics as the first anti-hypertension therapy for African Americans. The recent recommendations were thiazide diuretics or calcium channel blockers. However, for those suffering from left ventricular systolic malfunction, hypertension therapy should contain drugs which lowers the possibility of death in the case of heart failure i.e., nitrates, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, aldosterone receptor antagonists and beta-blockers (Sharma, Colvin-Adams & Yancy, 2014).

The racial differences seen in hypertension and its related ailments have been identified and one of them is the higher mortality risk of African Americans in comparison to the white Americans. These increased risks of higher BP have a vivid effect on the life expectancy of African-American people which is considerably lower than that of Caucasian Americans. The risks of stroke mortality are twice greater in African Americans. Risks of end-stage kidney problems are five times in African Americans. Furthermore, the age at which problems like stroke surface is significantly earlier in African Americans. For instance, an African American man 45 years old living in the Southeast possesses the same stroke risk of a white man 55 years old and another white man 65 years.....

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