Beta Blockers Invented by Sir Essay

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1958

After studying the cardiovascular effects of various catecholamines, Moran and his research partner, Perkins, are published in the same journal as Ahlquist arguing "that DCI's activity belonged to Ahlquist's 'beta-adrenergic' type, and coined the term 'beta-adrenergic blocking drug', later shortened to 'beta-blocker'"

1959

Sir James Black joins the cardiovascular team at Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., reads Moran's research and realizes the possibilities of synthesizing an analog to DCI that would be clinically useful.

1959

Black's ICI report contradicts Waring's arguing that the "altered fat metabolism with associated changes in blood coagulability interact, permissively, with sympathetic neurohumoural stress responses to produce fatal damage."

1962

Black synthesizes propranolol (Inderal)

1963

ICI launches Black's first beta blocker treatment -- pronethalol (Alderlin).

1964

The first clinical studies are conducted for the use of proopranolol.

1965

ICI launches propranolol, the replacement for propranolol as it was found to cause thymic tumors in mice.

1966

Propranolol is first marketed in the U.S.

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1967

Lands identifies a variety of models of sensitivity to a variety of sympathomimetic amines and postulates that there are two types of beta-receptors -- beta 1 (primarily cardiac) and beta 2 (primarily found at the bronchial and vascular level). This results in three primary types of beta blockers being developed -- cardioselective beta blockers, non-selective beta blockers, and those with alpha and beta blocker properties.

1970

ICI launches practolol (Eraldin).

1975

The clinical outcome of the first seven beta blocker patients are reports. All seven experienced an improvement in their clinical condition shortly after beginning treatment (Swedberg, 1998).

1976

ICI launches atenolol (Tenormin).

1978

FDA approves metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL) ("Metoprolol," 2008).

1985

FDA approves betaxolol (Kerlone) ("Betaxolol," 2008).

1989

Sir James Black wins Nobel Prize for Medicine for propranolol.

1992

FDA approves bisoprolol (Zebeta) ("Bisoprolol," 2008).

1995

FDA.....

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