The Challenges and Prospects in Essay

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And though there are many who will view the Clinton administration's
disruption of ethnic tensions in Kosovo as one of the first examples of the
Marshall Plan template in a post-Cold War atmosphere, Buchanan (2002)
speaks of the 1999 invasion by noting that "for the first time, NATO, a
defensive alliance, took offensive action against a country putting down an
insurrection inside its own territory." (Buchanan, 29) This description of
the struggle in Kosovo as an 'insurrection,' is one that of course fails to
acknowledge the multitude of Yugoslavia's state level crimes against the
ethnic-Albanians which, in spite of their majority population in Kosovo,
had been reduced to an ethnic-minority with few state rights. The abuses
which had created hundreds of thousands of refugees would have, under
Buchanan's purview, continued unabated as, likely, ethnically driven
responses to aggression on either side would certainly have produced some
level of genocide. Thus, we are given something of a point/counter-point
with respect to the division of labor which dictates a role for the United
States and for NATO as supplemental to the punitive capabilities of the
United Nations international courts.
Certainly, if there is a parallel between this situation and that
currently afflicting the Sudan, this prospect of ethnically motivated
killing is the most pressing and does appear to justify a division of labor
which allows for individual state actors to take a lead role in conflict
intervention. However, the relative failure of any parties to take a
sufficient and rapid response to the situation in the Sudan demonstrates
the danger in allowing individual states to too greatly influence or direct
the agenda of the international community. Certainly, speaking from a
politically realistic standpoint, the United States is currently ill-
equipped to consider an additional military undertaking given its
continuing troubles in Iraq.
But as the Marshall Plan doctrine that has guided benevolent
international intervention on the behalf of those undefended against human
rights violations argues, the United States is proving itself a silent
enabler of a conflict which has surely already claimed an irreconcilable
number of casualties.

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(Kunz, 162) International organizations most closely
related to the problems taking place in Darfur and future conflicts like it
might be considered the most practical immediate route to rectification of
the actions still unfolding there. The African Union's primary function
for existence is to prevent or reverse the effects of the human rights
tragedies like those that the world is now witnessing and allowing in the
Darfur region of Sudan. However, its personnel assert that the Union's
abilities are severely limited by a lack of resources, manpower and
international support. Though recent current events indicate some measure
of the progress being made in diminishing the carnage transpiring there, it
also makes concessions that tens of thousands have already been killed, 1.5
million are now refugees and that mutilation, rape and murder are still
taking place. The AU's newly evolving conflict resolution mechanisms are
being tested by this crisis. It is next to impossible, however, that the
AU's methods will succeed without greater international contribution and
action.
This brings about the promises of the Marshall Plan, which indicates
that America's self-evident dominance in world affairs and its paralleled
presumption of itself as supporter of constitutional democracy saddle it
directly with the responsibility to help address the Darfur crisis and to
take a lead role in any such future conflicts. Specifically, the doctrine
indicates that the cost of its dominance as well as the pursuit of its
foreign interests are together contributory to its interest in bringing
about peace, stability and the rectification of justice in venues where
such is needed. Thus, if the U.N. is to be considered an effective
punitive force, the United States must work to support local alliances and
international agreements aimed toward conflict reconciliation.

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