China & India: Rapid Economic Growth -- Essay

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How did China and India emerge so rapidly as enormous economic powers? This paper reviews the circumstances of the economic advancement that both countries have made, and establishes that these nations became economic powerhouses due to the sheer size of their economies -- along with the strategies they employed.

The Indian economy has been among the "fastest growing economies" in the world since the late 1980s, according to Kunal Sen, writing in the peer-reviewed journal Contemporary South Asia. He insists that most experts (in "the international financial press") are incorrect when they assert that the Indian economy began to accelerate following the "radical economic reforms of 1991" (Sen, 2009, p. 364).

In fact, Sen writes, the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita began to rise "…in the late 1970s, and has kept on steadily increasing over the last two decades of the twentieth century" (364). What difference does it make exactly when the Indian economy began to flourish? Sen says knowing when it began to really take off dramatically holds "…the key to the puzzle that has engaged India-observers in recent years," and that is, why indeed did growth accelerate in the late 1970s to the early 1980s? (365).

The author asserts that the acceleration in growth is due in large part to the "surge in private investment in machines." On page 369 Sen explains his reasoning: machinery investment matters for economic growth more than other types of investment because "…the role of external economies is greater for machinery investment than for housing investment" because machinery investment requires "a great amount of research and development expenditures" (369). The increase in India's investment in machinery explains both the "faster rate of accumulation of capital" and it also explains the dramatic increase in productivity, which continues today, more than 20 years after the surge began, according to Sen (369).

Meanwhile, there is one clear component of India's economy that has helped this largest of the world's democratic nations become so powerful economically -- and that is the construction sector.

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According to authors Hrushikesh Mallick and Mantu Kumar Mahalik, writing in the Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, numerous scholars have investigated the dynamics of growth in India, and have looked at "various factors" important to economic growth (Mallick, et al., 2008, p. 368). Those factors include government "policy variables" (expenditures, tax-financing and alternative financing methods) Mallick, 369.

Moreover, governments spend billions of dollars on "provision of infrastructure, health and medical facilities and education," all in the name of providing for their citizens, Mallick continues. And indeed in a market economy like India has, the private sector also offers services similar to the government's services, and citizens expect the private sector services to be available at market prices (Mallick, 369). The private sector owns their "capital stock," and when the federal government provides "capital infrastructure," it thereby has "positive spillover effects on the private sector."

What this all means is India has built its economy on the above-mentioned components, and they are well understood by economists. However, India's construction industry (public and private) makes indirect and direct contributions to the economic output, and the construction industry is linked powerfully to other sectors of the Indian economy, Mallick continues (369). The construction industry in India (housing, corporate development, commercial complexes, bridges, dams, highways, schools, etc.) contributes to the economy in two ways: when a construction project arrives at its "final form," it adds to the "total output and wealth (in an accounting sense), or, alternatively, it may help further production process" which ends up beefing up output (Mallick, 370).

In China, truly one of the world's most dynamic economies, much of the attention of scholars and economists is focused on its future. In fact China's retention of its "large share of global investment" will call for greater improvements in its "investment environment," according to Rod Tyers and Jane Golley in the scholarly journal, Review of Development Economics. What that means is in order to continue its massive growth as an economic superpower it will need to depend more "than in the past on financial, legal, and other institutional reforms" (Tyers,.....

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