Civilizations Singers of an Ancient Term Paper

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Torah law exhibits a quid pro quo vision of the divine, in which human beings enter into a sacred and immutable contract with God. Like the Sumerians in the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Hebrews in the Torah viewed the world of the gods and the world of human civilization as being distinct from one another. The Torah also illustrates how ancient Near Eastern civilizations became hierarchical and stratified. Priests and kings resided at the top of the social order; merchants and artisans in the middle; and slaves at the bottom. Codes of law such as the one outlined in the Hebrew Torah generally applied to all members of society, as social law was intended to be viewed as a reflection of divine law. However, religion and codified religious law also maintained social order through the maintenance of the caste system and of the division of the sexes.

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Hammurabi's Code of Laws also elucidates the importance of civil and criminal law in ancient societies. Although not as overtly religious as the law expressed in the Torah, Hammurabi's Code reflects the ability of the ruling caste to codify a set of rules that would affect the economic, social, and political institutions in the society. The world's earliest written code of laws, the Hammurabi text illustrates the confluence of religion, politics, and social order and shows how great civilizations developed….....

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