Correlational Research Essay

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new reading program on a student's ability to learn to read. Because the program is designed specifically for helping new readers learn basic reading skills the experimenter chooses only beginning first-grade students as the population of interest. Thus, as the subject variable is one that cannot be the target of random assignment (you cannot randomly assigned subjects to the first-grade) a nonequivalent control group pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design is selected as the preferential design (Cozby & Bates, 2012). Moreover, it is often not feasible for programs like this to randomly assign different students within the same classroom to different breeding programs as there is typically only one teacher teaching the first graders and such a design would be cumbersome and most likely the study rejected by the school system. Thus, the incoming first-grade students are given a basic reading pretest at the beginning of the school year, and then one section or one of the first-grade teachers in a school uses the traditional reading instruction for first graders (control group), whereas a different teacher in a different classroom uses the new reading program (treatment group).
At the end of the semester the two different classes are evaluated on their reading abilities in reading progress in order to determine the effectiveness of the new reading program.

The major threat to the internal validity of study include the fact that different teachers are using the different programs, thus there is the potential for some of the differences in the outcome to be due to the teacher's style of teaching, the particular classroom atmosphere, etc. rather than the reading program (Thompson, Diamond, McWilliam, Snyder, & Snyder, 2005). One way to control for this threat by using a true experiment would be to randomly assign students in each classroom to either the treatment or control condition and then have the teacher teach groups of students differently; however, as discussed above this would be very cumbersome.

Part 2. Not all research questions can be answered by true experiments. Typically researchers are interested in different types of subject variables and how these variables affect the behavior of the individuals that possess those (Cozby & Bates, 2012). For instance, in research attempting to assess how.....

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