Diffusion of Innovation in 1962, Article Review

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). Within the context of healthcare diffusion, the authors posit that the drivers for healthcare technological diffusion really flow more from a relative advantage. For example, x-rays were discovered in 1895 and within a year or two, the negative effects studied. Within a few years, x-ray technology diffused into the medical world until now, it is something that everyone expects, and technology somewhat keeps up with the system (x-ray direct to digital viewer, etc.). Still other examples abound in the way the public now expects a particular technology. Now, the paradigm of choice is minimally invasive surgery coupled with smaller amounts of times in the hospital -- day surgery for instance. Radical changes in surgical gear, imaging techniques, and physician training now result in the expectation that this will be the norm, rather than the exception. The medical field communicates the diffusion through its personnel -- new drugs for new patients, new technologically oriented testing, etc. It is ubiquitous, and every indication shows that the trend will continue and even increase in time between innovations -- causing multiple diffusions (Cain and Mittman, 2002).

Part 3 URL: http://www.unc.edu/~fbaum/teaching/PLSC541_Fall08/walker_1969.pdf

Diffusion of Innovation Among the American States (Walker)

Tags: political diffusion, policy, American government, political progress, political programs

It is not just in technology that diffusion plays an integral part in modern society. There is a theoretical basis for the ways in which modern political entities, e.g. The American States, act as pioneers by adopting new programs (political and social) more readily than others and how these new forms of service or regulations spread from state to state.

The importance is obvious -- there is no one way that certain thoughts and ideas move from one geographic area to another. It is interesting, though, to study the manner in which relative speed and the spatial patterns of adoption of new programs moves through a population at a rate that is somewhat arbitrary, depending on the circumstances surrounding the particularly social issue.

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This author applies an "innovation score" to states that takes welfare, health, education, conservation, planning, administrative organization, highways, civil rights, corrections and policy, labor, taxes and professional regulation into account. These scores than show a series of traceable movements from state to state in which one can view the manner in which diffusion of political and social ideas evolved. We can then extrapolate demographics and psychographics into the equation and ask if certain trends are endemic to certain areas or types of people. One rather obvious conclusion is that the larger the state, with wealth and higher demographic indicators, the more the urban areas drive diffusion of innovation towards the more rural states. Thus, there is a strong correlation between urbanization and industry and the acceptance of new technology. The research then shows that using legal means to improve the social lot also become more commonplace in urban areas, typically, likely due to the population concentration and set of norms. Adopting new political views, then, tends to flow from East to West, North to South, or even from Coastal regions inward (Walker, 1969).

REFERENCES

Cain, M. And Mittman, R. (May 2002). Diffusion of Innovation in Health Care. The Cato Institute. Retrieved from: http://www.chcf.org/~/media/MEDIA%20LIBRARY%20Files/PDF/D/PDF%20DiffusionofInnovation.pdf

Moore, S. And Simon, J. (December 15, 1999). The Greatest Century That Ever Was.

Cato Institute Policy Analysis #364. Retrieved from: http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa364.pdf

Rogers, E. (2003). Diffusion of Innovation, 5th ed. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Walker, J. (1969). The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States. The American Political Science Review. 63 (3): 880-99. Retrieved from:

http://www.unc.edu/~fbaum/teaching/PLSC541_Fall08/walker_1969.pdf.....

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