Empathy and Counseling Review and Critique of Term Paper

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Empathy and Counseling

Review and Critique of "The Relationship Between Clients' Perceptions of Therapist-Parent Similarity with Respect to Empathy, Regard and Unconditionality and Therapists' Ratings of Client Transference" (1998) by Barrie Mariner Arachtingi and James W. Lichtenberg

From a counseling perspective, it is clearly much easier to have sympathy for others in need, such as "sympathy for the poor," than it is to have empathy, which requires a significant mental and emotional involvement. A study by Barrie Mariner Arachtingi and James W. Lichtenberg (1998) investigated the similarity between clients' perceptions of their therapists and their perceptions of their parents (or early parental figures) in terms of the relationship qualities of empathy, positive regard, and unconditionality of regard and how those perceptions compared with their therapists' ratings of transference.

Hypothesis. The study hypothesis was that there was a positive associated between the similarity of the therapist and parents or parental figures on the relationship dimensions of empathy, regard, and unconditionality and therapist ratings of transference.

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The researchers cite Freud's (1912) definition of transference as being.".. The experiencing of feelings, drives, attitudes, fantasies, and defenses toward a person in the present that are inappropriate to that person and are a repetition or displacement of reactions that originated regarding significant persons in early childhood" (p. 143).

Study Participants and Methods. The study participants were 62 actual therapy dyads (27 women and 35 men), ranging in age from 19 to 63 years (M = 40.18, SD = 12.01). Clients of varying diagnoses were included in the study; however, clients with thought disorders were eliminated due to potential problems concerning informed consent. The actual number of sessions attended by clients ranged from 5 to 200 (M = 40. 18, SD = 44.77); 29 therapists participated….....

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