Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Non-Experimental Designs Term Paper

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Causation cannot be inferred from non-experimental designs, only relationships. This type of design allows researchers to observe how certain factors co-exist in a natural environment, without any experimental intervention. This allows researchers a first step in testing hypotheses and theories as to what causes a certain phenomenon.

When a study is lacking in internal validity, it means that confounding variables within the study were not successfully eliminated. In other words, certain factors are present in the study that puts into question whether or not the outcomes being measured or observed are really due to the manipulated variable or the condition under study. When a study is lacking in external validity, the findings of the study can not be readily generalized to the population at large. This may be due to a lack of randomization in the sample used for the study. Internal and external validity are inextricably intertwined, and affect each other.

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The presence or absence of internal validity can especially influence the degree to which a study demonstrates a high level of external validity. In order to balance out the demands of internal and external validity, researchers must work diligently to ensure that the effect under study is truly due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not any confounding factors. It is also important to ensure that there is a level of randomization among the participants in the study. Overall, it is more important to design a study with strong internal validity, since without internal validity the findings of the study are uninterpretable. Once internal validity has been established, researchers can then take measures to ensure that the findings of the study can be generalized to the population at large, therefore.....

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