Explanation of Operationalizing Variables Research Paper

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Two Studies for the Selected Variable "Leadership"

Chukwaba (2015) studied the role of transformational leadership on job satisfaction on hotel employees. Transformational leadership and job satisfaction were calculated using means and standards deviations in SPSS version 22. Transformational leadership was treated as an independent variable, measured using Bass Avolio's Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). The dependent variable was job satisfaction measured by a validated job-satisfaction scale. The variables have been assessed in this paper accurately since detailed statements have been given for the data's reliability and validity. The MLQ design has been chosen for only this purpose. The independent variable on the dependent one for a large sample, just as that of hotel employees, could be evaluated accurately.

Moreover, the descriptive analysis showed a clear relationship between the two variables of interest. The study's hypothesis was to observe the effect of transformation leadership on job satisfaction, which was evident in the SPSS's significant results that indicate the two variables were directly related. Hence, the operationalization is good.

Another study chosen for this purpose was conducted by Khan & Bukhari (2016) to investigate leadership traits' effect on organizational performance with relevance to the healthcare industry. The independent variable was leadership, and the dependent variable was performance. MLQ was used to gather data from questionnaires, and OLS, which is linear regression analysis, was used along with correlations for testing the hypothesis. Performance with transformational leadership was measured as a compound of effectiveness, extra effort, and satisfaction. In contrast, performance under transactional leadership was measured in terms of effort, productivity, loyalty, or commitment. The results proved that transformational leadership had a positive effect on performance. The variable's operationalization was good as the correlation, and regression analysis depicted the results whether the relation was present as a direct one or whether it was a weak one. Transformational leadership's effects were positive but weak; however, transactional leadership had a significantly positive effect. The healthcare professionals are already experienced; hence, motivation and rewards were not significantly evident in the results. Hence, the operationalization was good.

Two Studies for the Selected Variable "Motivation"

Pandey, Goel & Koushal (2018) conducted a study to assess the effect of different factors on nurses' motivation levels. Both quantitative and qualitative methods had been utilized for this research.

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Three tertiary-level hospitals in India were selected, and nurse samples were selected from these hospitals for the quantitative part. A self-administered Likert scale was used for quantitative assessment, which was developed from the questionnaire. The questionnaire asked about the motivational outcomes where motivation was treated as a dependent variable. A score of "Above 3" was considered motivated, and below 3 was considered not-motivated. Motivational attributes, treated as independent variables, were divided into intrinsic and extrinsic motivators, including timeliness, personal issues, organizational commitment, intrinsic job satisfaction, self-efficacy,…

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…depression and anxiety. Patient Health Questionnaire 2 (PHQ 2) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD 2) were used to collect this quantitative study. Four-point scales for both studies were developed for measuring responses from the respondents on the selected variables. IBM SPSS for Windows was used for computations of data. Means and standard deviations were used for calculating independent variables, and correlations were used for dependent ones. The mean total score of PHQ 2 and GAD2 was 2.57 and 2.66, a clear depictor of a high risk of mental health nurses for depression and anxiety. Hence, the variables were well-operationalized since they exhibited results for the hypotheses set for testing.

A study was conducted by Zarate (2012) to analyze the effect of 12-week music therapy on anxiety. Music psychotherapy was treated as an independent variable, whereas anxiety was treated as the dependent variable. The multiple subject design was used for the study. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used with a four-point Likert scale on a spectrum of "not at all" to "severely bothered" for 21 items of anxiety-like nervousness, incapable of relaxing, etc. BAI scales were categorized into four classes: 0-7 minimal, 8-15 mild, 16-25 moderate, and 26-63 severe. The pattern was seen changing steadily over the 12 weeks with improvement in scores of the BAI scales with music therapy intervention. Increased minimal scores with decreased anxiety showed that the variables' operationalization was done effectively….....

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