History of Psychology Annotated Bibliography Essay

Tags: classical conditioning human behavior primary sources william james

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Clark, R. E. (2004). The classical origins of Pavlov's conditioning. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 39(4), 279-294.



Classical conditioning is the cornerstone of behaviorism. However, it is often taken for granted how classical conditioning was introduced to the field of psychology. This article starts with a brief section about the precursors of Pavlov’s famous dog salivation response experiments. The precursor to Pavlov was Twitmyer’s knee-jerk reflexes. Like Green (2009), Clark (2004) talks a little of William James and his contributions to the early evolution of psychology. Then, Clark (2004) delves into the meat of the matter: Pavlov’s experiments. Using dogs as subjects, the Russian scientist revolutionized the study of human behavior with his studies showing how classical conditioning works. Clark (2004) traces Pavlov’s work, and also shows how it was received. Then, the author shows how Pavlov’s conditioning experiments became classical conditioning through the work of B.F. Skinner. Essentially, this research uses primary sources to explain the evolution of behaviorism and early psychology from Twitmyer onwards.



Digdon, N., Powell, R. A., & Harris, B. (2014). Little Albert's alleged neurological impairment. History of Psychology, 17(4), 312-324.



In 1920, Watson and Rayner conducted a now-famous experiment on an infant named Albert.

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The experiment on “Little Albert” has since been maligned for obvious ethical reasons. In fact, Digdon, Powell & Harris (2014) focus more on the reactions to the original experiment and the historiography that blossomed because of it. According to the authors, a study published in 2012 by Friglund, Beck, Goldie & Irons had attested that Little Albert was born with a neurological impairment and claimed that Watson and his colleague were actually aware of this fact. If this were true, then Watson and Rayner would have committed even graver ethical breaches than was previously believed. As methodology, Digdon, Powell & Harris (2014) use the primary sources including the film made by Watson in 1923 entitled Experimental Investigation of Babies, as well as the secondary sources that comment on, criticize, or base new research on the Watson studies. The authors conclude that there are alternative explanations for Little Albert’s story, and that the subsequent analyses should be critiqued in their own right. The implications of this research are to think more critically about the historiography of psychology. Other implications have to do with the ethical dimensions of all psychological research.



Green, C.….....

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