Immanuel Kant Philosopher Term Paper

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Philosophy of Alasdair MacIntyre [...] MacIntyre's criticism of duty-based and goal-based moral theory, and his reasons for preferring a right-based moral theory. It will also include reactions to his views and his virtue-based moral theory.

MACINTYRE'S MORAL THEORIES

MacIntyre criticizes duty-based and goal-based moral theories on several levels. He feels morals based on duty and goals are not virtuous, and therefore do not belong in moral theory, and that the moral character people develop from living by these theories is flawed. The child learning to play chess is an excellent example of both of these theories, and why MacIntyre feels they do not work. The child is not learning to play chess because it wants to learn. The child is learning to play chess because MacIntyre wants it to learn, and gives it a goal, candy, and a duty, "play with me." Eventually he hopes the child will derive satisfaction and learn new skills from playing chess, and then the moral theory will change, and the child will derive enjoyment from the entire practice.

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Thus, goal- and duty-based morals may lead to satisfaction, but that is not always the case, and they are not as preferable as the virtue-based morality.

There is another criticism of goal- and duty-based theories, and it is based on the accumulation of external and internal goods. MacIntyre defines a virtue as "an acquired human quality the possession and exercise of which tends to enable us to achieve those goods which are internal to practices and the lack of which effectively prevents us from achieving any such goods." He goes on to say that the more external goods, such as property and possessions, a person has, the less there are for others. Therefore, a virtue-based morality will leave more property and possessions to go around for everyone, while goal- and duty-based moralities tend to leave less property and possessions to go around.

MacIntyre prefers a right-based moral theory for several reasons. It is more virtuous than the….....

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