Kant Adam Smith Essay

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Kant; Adam Smith

Locke: primary qualities, secondary qualities, substance Kant: Judgment of perceptions, judgment of experience, categories of the understanding Explain all six terms above. Does Kant's position (relevant to those terms) different from Locke's? Is Kant (on these terms) able to deal with some of the problems Locke encountered (when using these terms)?

According to John Locke, "the primary qualities of objects are their real qualities," such as "solidity, extension, figure, motion, rest, and number, all of which excite or produce similar ideas in your mind," which may be contrasted to secondary qualities, which are subjective in nature "like color, sound, smell, and taste" (Shoulder 2012). When apprehending both primary and secondary qualities, the mind does not apprehend the thing itself directly, but merely creates an impression of it. What gives primary qualities' an objective existence is something known as substance, or literally a "substratum underlying and supporting the primary qualities of it" (Shoulder 2012).

Kant's distinction of judgment of perceptions and experience is that judgments of perception are reliant upon "empirical intuitions and are only subjectively valid," like the sense that a rock is warmed by the sun, based upon one's touch of its surface (Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, Spark Notes, 2012).

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In contrast, "judgments of experience apply pure concepts of the understanding to judgments of perception, turning them into objective, universally valid laws," such as the notions of physics (Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, Spark Notes, 2012). The categories of judgment in terms of quantity, quality, relationship, and modality are ways of understanding how we apprehend specific phenomena.

Like Locke, Kant believed that there were different ways of knowing. However, Kant's typology of perception is more of a differential between ways of knowing and the actions of the mind, versus passing judgment upon the intrinsic properties of the things themselves like Locke. Kant's solution to the problem of much of Locke's thesis (namely, its arbitrary distinction between properties like solidity and color, both of which could be said to have objective qualities) is to focus on how the thinker perceives the object, rather than external stimuli.

Q6. Discuss Rousseau and Locke, on the nature of private property and how that is stated to what they talk to be the nature and role of the political state

Locke believed that human beings had innate rights which could not be superseded by the state.….....

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