Micrornas (Mirnas) Belong to a Research Paper

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Elegans; and anterior and posterior patterning of the hox-mediated development pathway group in vertebrates and insects (Pasquinelli, Hunter and Bracht). Other hypothesized functions include regulation of "viral function and human cancer" (Miska).

Identification

Scientists Ke, Liu, Liu, and Liang (2003) have listed the identification markers for miRNAs. To be identified as miRNAs, RNAs must: be single-stranded and between 21 and 25 nucleotides; be "cleaved from one arm of a longer endogenous double-stranded hairpin precursor" by the enzyme Dicer; exactly match genomic regions for encoding double-stranded precursor RNAs; be phylogenetically conserved with their "predicted precursor secondary structures"; be able to be confirmed with their precursors by northern blots; and miRNA precursors must aggregate whenever Dicer is wiped out in its original form (Ke and al).

Role in Gene Expression

miRNAs are uniquely suited for gene regulation, even more so than traditional protein regulators (Ke and al). For example, miRNAs are matched with targets on an "exquisitely specific" level, they can be generated more or less rapidly depending on current requirements due to their tiny size (this feature "may facilitate the precise temporal regulation, especially in developmental transitions via miRNAs"), miRNA biogenesis and deterioration are highly efficient, the numbers of various miRNAs thought to exist and pair with multiple targets via "different base-pairing modes" are astounding, a simple step could potentially create a novel complementary miRNA out of a duplicated fragment of a target gene (in the appropriate context), and miRNAs are uniquely suited to regulate genes via simple steric interference (Ke and al).

miRNAs have the ability to regulate gene expression by interacting with RNA, DNA, and proteins in physiological and developmental pathways at multiple levels.

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Specific gene-regulating roles involve: cell division; organism physiology; "chromatin remodeling; gene transcription"; RNA processing, location, transport, and stability; "translation efficiency"; protein regulations, and even second center gene regulatory network processes (Ke and al).

Overall, miRNAs, possible complimentary proteins, and their targets are involved in highly sophisticated networks of gene regulation (Fang and James). The variation in functions is vast and still mostly theoretical. This complexity is partly to that fact that even a single miRNA from either an intergenic or intronic region "can bind to and regulate" multiple targets; moreover, various miRNAs can bind and control a single target (Fang and James)......

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