Natural Systems Model 'Mayo and Thesis

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(1958: 191) (Scott, 2003, p.50) Simon states that a hierarchy of goals is established in which each level is "...considered as an end relative to the levels below it and as a means relative to the levels above it. Through the hierarchical structure of ends, behavior attains integration and consistency, for each member of a set of behavior alternatives is then weighted in terms of a comprehensive scale of values -- the "ultimate" ends. (Simon, 1997: 74) "In addition to simplifying decisions for participants in all these ways, organizations also support participants in the decisions they are expected to make.

WEBER'S THEORY of BUREAUCRACY

DESCRIPTION of THEORY

Scott (2003) notes that it was observed by Collins (1986) that there is nothing "...known in the field of organizations, perhaps in all sociology, than Weber's model of bureaucracy. It also happens that there is no more complete misunderstanding of a major sociological theory than the way Weber's organizational theory was treated in American sociology." According to Scott (2003) the early interpretations of the work of Weber were flawed "in two major respects": (1) his famous depiction of the central features of rational-legal "bureaucratic" structures was decontextualized, taken out of historical context and treated as a kind of caricature of modern administration forms.

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; (2) Second, most of his arguments were interpreted as belonging within the framework of conventional technical rationality, whereas his conception was more complex, paving the way to an alternative conception of rationality." (Scott, 2003, p.43) Three types of authority were identified by Weber: (1) Traditional authority -- resting on an established belief in the sanctity of immemorial traditions and the legitimacy of those exercising authority under them; (2) Rational-legal authority -- resting on a belief in the "legality" of patterns of normative rules and the right of those elevated to authority under such rules to issue commands; (3) Charismatic authority -- resting on devotion to the specific and exceptional sanctity, heroism, or exemplary character of an individual person, and of the normative patterns or order revealed or ordained by him or her (1968 trans.: vol. 1: 212 -- 301; as cited in Scott, 2003)

Weber's model of bureaucracy contains the following characteristics:

Fixed division of labor among participants

Hierarchy of offices

Set of general rules that govern performance

Separation of personal from official property and rights

Selection of personnel on the basis of technical qualifications

Employment viewed as a career by participants

FAYOL'S ADMINSTRATIVE THEORY

DESCRIPTION of THEORY

The approach of the administrative theory developed alongside scientific.....

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