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Ox Network:

An analysis of SAP in Australian energy infrastructure

In 2009 the Australian Government allocated $4.5 billion in support of renewable energy technologies with a target of 20% share of the entire energy market by 2020 (i.e. An increase from 20 terawatt hours to 60 terawatt hours). Ten years ago, during the nation's era deregulation, natural gas reserves were more than doubled from 19.4 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) in 1998 to 44.6 (Tcf) in 1999. At present, new liquefied natural gas (LNG) and gas-to-liquids (GTL) facilities, pipelines are core in national energy sales both in Australia and abroad. During the first several years, supplies of natural gas outpaced domestic demand. Much effort was put into enterprise systems (ES) as a strategy of change management, toward better operational control of facility and infrastructure as the industry ramped up to its present position in the energy market. Of particular utility was the development of optimized software application programs (SAP) integration into network systems management protocols employed to monitor and track reserve infrastructure.

Origin Energy, the leading Australian supplier of natural gas reserves is the subject of this enterprise systems investigation. A fossil fuel, natural gas is exceptional as a generator of volume baseload electricity with big environmental payoffs in an approximately 50% reduction to the greenhouse emissions. Natural gas incorporation into the national 'energy suite' is part of Origin Energy's lead partnership in the Australian government's policy of 'upstream developments, processing facilities and infrastructure' (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission 2010). A production, power generation and energy retailing company, Origin Energy's capacity to meet consumer demand as projected by national strategy is nothing short of a mega supply chain feat, as operations proving the 'cluster development' theory of risk; where companies are conjoined at certain nodes in the supply chain sharing infrastructure, power, and feed (Australia Daily). Performance to Origin Energy's efforts in these areas is evidenced in the Company's competitive market prospectus (Appendix A).

In the energy field, SAP is relevant to SCADA systems as software building blocks for control of industrial systems through remote sensing of raw data and commands out of control centers. Conduits for monitoring and sending commands to valves and switches, the data managed by these systems controls regulate flow rates and pressures in distribution. Analysis of data generated from SCADA operations feeds SAP databases at Origin; constituting a substantial IT systems activity in ES operations; instrumental to the integrated scope of service facilitation and operational oversight.

Where 'zero' inventory overload strategies are in effect, SAP has become inextricable in value to just-in-time delivery in the organizational supply chain. This is especially pertinent to energy supplier facility, as channel operations are at any time subject to a number of circumstantial or environmental hazards that can prove to be both costly and dangerous. Measures designed to handle automatic allocation of natural gas reserves, for example, do not account for interruptions in effluent cycles where chemical intrusions or technical errors are a factor. While risk assessment and management protocols may be standard in terms of industry specification, without SAP emergency control of such issues by companies like Origin at a systems operations level would be virtually impossible.

When Origin Energy's stakes in energy supply began to climb during the natural gas advancement in the Australian and global market, strategic renewal of older prospectus to systems management as a strategy for sustainable growth impacted decision making about the Company's future. Strategic renewal was found in the energy project integration management (PIM) concept of enterprise systems (ES) development or,

"large-scale, real-time, integrated application-software packages that use the computational, data storage, and data transmission power of modern information technology to support processes, information flows, reporting, and business analytics within and between complex organizations."

Definition of ES here references all application of strategic resources where a network benefits from the planning, implementation and execution of standard systems approaches. Those solutions include: enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM), supply chain management (SCM), data warehousing, and software platforms on which those systems database applications are built (i.e. SAP). Legacy architecture existed at Origin and SAP useful in reconfiguration of ES networks to the extent that streamlined protocols; allowing new suppliers and systemic functions to be incorporated in response to technology updates and the Company's own service capacity increases.

Organizational leaders in the energy field look to Origin Energy's success, and ask: how did Australia's lead energy corporation know that an SAP-based renewal strategy was in order? Since the mid-twentieth century, organizational theorists have looked to strategists like Kurt Lewin (1951) whom articulated an early process model of change management.

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Lewin's dynamic still holds important insights for corporations like Origin Energy today, as they attempt to source issues impinging upon organizational growth, as illustrated in Table 1.

Table 1

Unfreeze

1. Determine what needs to change

Organizational Survey (SAP)

Understand why change has to take place.

2. Ensure there is strong support from upper management

Use Stakeholder Analysis and Stakeholder Management to identify and create feedback system of support

Frame issues as one of organization-wide importance (IT systems integration)

3. Create the need for change

Craft a compelling message on why change has to occur

Vision and strategy to build evidence

Communicate the vision of change

Emphasize the "why."

4. Manage and understand the doubts and concerns

Remain open to employee concerns related to change.

Change

1. Communicate often

Consistency in communication during change cycle

Describe the benefits

Explain the effects

Preparation

2. Dispel rumors

Answer questions openly and honestly

Deal with problems immediately

Iterate change as operational necessity

3. Empower action

Encourage employee involvement

Line managers offer direction

4. Involve people in the process

Generate short-term successes to reinforce the change

Negotiate with external stakeholders (i.e. unions)

Refreeze

1. Anchor the changes into the culture

Identity what supports the change

Identify barriers to sustained change

2. Develop ways to sustain the change

Ensure leadership support

Create a reward system

Establish feedback systems

Adapt the organizational structure

3. Provide support and training

Ongoing communications and inclusion

Table 1. Lewin's change management model (Kritsonis, 2005)

In Seddon and Calvert's study on ES systems collected data on 126 customer presentations at the SAP 2003 and 2005 Sapphire conferences, the scope of Lewin's model is clarified in the 21st century business environment, where 'unfreeze,' 'change,' and 'refreeze' are an inherent process to the analysis, planning and implementation of SAP-based ES. The change management solutions described within the study's outcomes are expressed as: 1) short-term factors established upon 'live' enactment of new IT systems platforms to the benefit of optimized logistics capacity at each decoupling point; whereas 2) long-term advances improved multi-scale enhancements to the organization in general. The findings indicated that all six (6) factors mentioned in the software simulations were found to be significant to organizational integration; and verified by participating senior management respondents on behalf of those organizations.

Shared diagnosis on multi-project ES implementation puts PIM at the nexus of decision making where communications on new information related to the variables in Origin's change strategies, built organizational benefits from ES (OBES) into those projects. Incremental methodologies which comprise the framework to project management depend largely on coordinated development of systems over time; with variation in logistics and management functions according to geographic location and timeframe. An example of a simple two-part PIM ES strategy model where SAP systems upgrade is targeted is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Figure 1. OBES Model (Seddon and Calvert, 2010).

The two-part segmentation of the OBES model is divided by short-term factors on the right side of the model, supporting the hypothesis that: 1) functional fit; and 2) overcoming organizational inertia are the key to success the first few years after a projects goes live. The left hand side represents long-term factors where integration, process optimization, and improved access to information, along with on-going ES improvement projects take place in the duration of the system life. Ranked prioritization of objectives is established according to temporal planning, and as the system integrates, optimizes, and improves networked access to information, real-time processes are translated through the abductive logics of artificial intelligence; making possible smoother administrative, logistics and operations activities. Representation of three (3) ES integration concepts are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Figure 2. Three Models of ES integration and their outcomes (Seddon and Calvert, 2010).

Results from the ES project integration model in Figure 2 offer improvements to the value chain of channel operations. When Origin Energy shifted its focus to increased deployment of natural gas reserves, an ES model would have been necessary to ensure,

"better management decision making; improved financial management; faster, more accurate transactions; cost reduction; improved inventory and asset management; ease of expansion/growth and increased flexibility; and cycle-time reduction" (Seddon and Calvert, 2010).

Cost amortization is also assumed in the planning, as ES theory proposes that completion of the implementation cycle mechanizes organizational benefit as processes optimize operations; offsetting initial fiscal expenditures. Consideration of ES design is based on 'functional fit,'.....

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