Philosophy Structures Structure One: In the Origin Research Paper

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Philosophy Structures

Structure One:

In The Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection, page 66, Charles Darwin argues that organisms which have favorable traits are more likely to reproduce than members of the population with less favorable traits.

Reasons:

"Seeing that individual differences of the same kind perpetually recur, this can hardly be considered as an unwarrantable assumption" (Darwin 66).

"The ordinary belief that the amount of possible variation is a strictly limited quantity is likewise a simple assumption" (Darwin 66).

"As we see that those variations which, under domestication appear at any particular period of life, tend to reappear in the offspring at the same period; - for instance, in the shape, size, and flavor of the seeds of the many varieties of our culinary and agricultural plants…so in a state of nature, natural selection will be enabled to act on and modify organic beings at any age, by the accumulation of variations profitable at that age, and by their inheritance at a corresponding age" (Darwin 67).

I think Darwin's argument has this form:

Since an organism begins with favorable traits and mates frequently, that organism's genes are passed down to more offspring.

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Subsequent generations will be more likely to present those characteristics as they will be part of the organism's genetic code. If favorable traits present themselves more frequently, then the organism as a species eventually evolves so that all organisms have that favorable trait. Therefore, Darwin states, therefore, that since favorable traits present themselves in subsequent generations of an organism, this is evidence that the favored criterion was at one time introduced to the gene pool of that organism (Darwin 66).

Objections:

The only potential objections to Darwin's logic would be if a person believed in a religious viewpoint on adaptation. Darwin does not take into account the belief in an all-powerful, omniscient deity who controls the alteration and diversification of a species.

Structure Two:

In Kant, Immanuel Kant considers the following argument:

According to the article "What is Enlightenment?" human beings are not enlightened (Kant 1). They do not want to make decisions for themselves without someone else's input….....

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