who is considered as one of the most influential ancient intellectuals in philosophy and political theory. Aristotle's work in political theory was fueled by his travels and encounters of different political systems. This contributed to his focus on comparative politics, through which he advocated and critiqued the different political systems at that time.
According to Aristotle, the defining feature of oligarchy is that sovereign power is in the hands of few individuals. In this kind of political system, the Constitution vests sovereign authority in the hands of a few who essentially have control over the country. In most cases, the few individuals with sovereign… Continue Reading...
works like Das Capital and the Communist Manifesto, his theories blended the methodologies used in history and political theory with those used in social sciences, most notably economics. Marx’s scientific socialism reflected the shift from an economic and political model dominated by feudalism and tight authoritarian political control towards one that reflected the tenets of independence, self-governance, and human rights. [1: Joshua Cole and Carol Symes., Western Civilizations: Their History & Their Culture, Brief 4th ed. (New York: W.W. Norton, 2017) v. 2, p. 625.]
Scientific socialism also parallels the principles, methods, and theories outlined by Charles Darwin. Darwin’s concept of biological evolution remarkably makes its way… Continue Reading...
theory can therefore be successful integrated into international relations, political theory, and foreign policy. On the individual level, psychoanalysis also serves a symbolic role in the society. “Complex activities such as psychoanalysis...are hard to describe in linear discursive language and may best be understood through metaphors, which function as evocative, multidimensional, presentational symbols,” (Newirth, 2015, p. 308). Psychoanalysis is both a collective and an individual process with multiple layers of meaning. As it unveils the unconscious mind of the individual and the society, psychoanalysis helps resolve internal and collective problems. Summers (2006) describes Freud’s methods of dream analysis and… Continue Reading...
autonomy of the body, on the other hand, then interrogational torture is also an important problem in normative political theory.”4
Despite these growing concerns, proponents of the global war on terrorism maintain that the use of torture is justified given the potential for future terrorist attacks on the scale of those of September 11, 2001 and the need to protect the country’s interests at home and abroad. For example, former Vice President Dick Cheney acknowledged in an exit interview that he was directly responsible for authorizing the CIA’s use of torture. When questioned concerning the CIA’s treatment of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, a terrorist suspect incarcerated in a clandestine… Continue Reading...
philosophy, theology, literary theory, psychology, social and political theory, and communications theory. He wished for the world to remember him chiefly as a spiritual philosopher. In fact, Soren even stated he was actually a missionary who aimed at reintroducing Christianity in the Christian community (Garff, 2005). Considering his various interests and chiefly-religious purposes, some people raise doubts regarding whether he can really be considered a philosopher.
Soren became more and more certain that the Danish Lutheran Church rendered a true Christian life hard and sometimes even impossible to lead. By means of faith in Jesus, a real… Continue Reading...
