Race and Anti-Hypertensive Medications Hypertension Term Paper

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And Li, (2006). These researchers took previous findings regarding the efficacy of ACE inhibitors (Fosinopril, in particular) and applied them to children of different racial populations. Moreover, Menon et al. (2006) investigated whether the evidenced differences in effectiveness of ACE inhibitors among adults of different racial groups transferred to children of different racial groups. The results of the study indicated that Fosinopril was effective in treating hypertension in all racial groups, but Black children in the study required a higher dosage of the anti-hypertensive medication in order to experience the beneficial results. Furthermore, the differences in ACE inhibitor efficacy observed among adults of different races exist also in children of various races (Menon et al., 2006).

The demonstrated fact that African-Americans with hypertension are not as responsive to certain anti-hypertensive medications than non-African-Americans has opened the door for further research. Papademetriou, Narayan, and Kokkinos (2004) studied the effectiveness of ACE inhibitors in relation to angiotensin receptor blockers and the extent of cross-resistance to these anti-hypertensive agents among African-Americans. Results indicated that approximately equal proportions of the population under study responded favorably to each type of medication, while only a small proportion (14%) responded to both types of medication and a rather large proportion (48%) were non-responsive to either medication (Papademetriou et al., 2004).

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Other factors to examine regarding the effectiveness of anti-hypertensive medications among ethnic groups are differences in adverse reactions to these agents. McDowell, Coleman, and Ferner (2006) systematically reviewed evidence for differences among ethnic groups in regards to susceptibility to adverse drug reactions as a result of the administration of cardiovascular drugs. The results of the study concluded that patients from various ethnic groups exhibit different risks for adverse drug reactions in response to cardiovascular medications. For instance, the relative risk of angio-oedema resulting from ACE inhibitors in Black compared to non-Black patients was demonstrated at 3.0 (95% confidence interval 2.5 to 3.7), and the relative risk of intracranial haemorrhage with thrombolytic therapy was demonstrated at 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) in Black compared to non-Black patients (McDowell et al., 2006).

Overall, research has repeatedly demonstrated that the most optimal therapeutic treatment for hypertension among African-Americans is the initiation of a low-sodium diet in conjunction with a thiazidetype diuretic (Rao, 2007). African-Americans have been shown to not respond well to monotherapeutic treatments using ACE inhibitors. However, the use of ACE inhibitors in combination with a diuretic has been demonstrated as an effective treatment for hypertension in this population (Rao,.....

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