Reducing Risk of Human Error in Aviation Article Review

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A Machine Learning Approach to Predicting Fatalities in Aviation AccidentsIntroductionThe aviation industry has come a long way in terms of technological advancements, yet it also continues to grapple with safety concerns, particularly those stemming from human factors. The article by Nogueira et al. (2023) entitled \"A Machine Learning Approach to Predicting Fatalities in Aviation Accidents: An Examination\" gives a new perspective on the matter by suggesting that machine learning can serve as a tool to better understand and predict accidents. This review critically examines the paper\'s assertions, and argues that even though machine learning does show some promise and utility, its application in context of accident prevention is not without certain challenges. This review will present evidence supporting this stance, discuss the paper\'s context, and address contradictory evidence.DiscussionContextual LimitationsNogueira et al. (2023) situate their paper within a specific context. That context includes the aviation industry\'s dynamics, the advancements made by machine learning, and the data sources available at the time of writing. These contextual factors serve to shape and influence the study’s conclusions. Understanding context helps one to see and recognize that the paper\'s findings might be constrained by the industrial, technological and data source limitations of its time.This is not to say that the industry, the technology, and the data used are causes of concern in and of themselves. One cannot do more than use what is available or given. However, the industry is something that still depends to an extent on end-user (human) involvement and decision-making at multiple levels (from policy to product development to risk management, quality control, and services). Human agency remains an integral component from start to finish, and regardless of how one might like to apply machine learning to the subject at hand, the fact remains that machine learning cannot compensate for every aspect of human agency in the total picture.Supporting the Promise of Machine LearningNonetheless, machine learning is presented as having some value and utility in the study, and this presentation is supported by academic evidence, both in the article itself and in the wider academic world (Gui et al., 2019; Nogueira et al., 2023). Machine learning certainly does have positives and real-world use cases (Brink et al., 2016).For example, machine learning has the ability to process enormous amounts of data and identify patterns in the data that gives it predictive power. This ability is the reason Nogueira et al. (2023) view it as having the potential to be of assistance in reducing safety risks caused by human error in aviation. The article focuses on the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Random Forest (RF) models and their performance metrics to show this potential. Along with that, the authors explore how Active Learning (AL) scenarios support the adaptability of machine learning models, even in data-scarce scenarios that could still be useful in aviation (Nogueira et al., 2023).Challenges and ContradictionsThe emphasis of Nogueira et al.\'s (2023) paper on machine learning as a solution to predicting human behavior in aviation accidents is certainly an ambitious and laudable approach to addressing the problems of safety and security in the field of aviation. However, the real-world application of such models presents a number of challenges that cannot be overlooked or 100% solved by the application of machine learning tools; thus, researchers continue to suggest alternative solutions (Chen et al., 2019). Many of these problems and challenges can be discussed at length, starting with the challenge of predicting human behavior in intense situations.Predicting Human BehaviorHuman responses are inherently complex; they are affected by emotion as much as they are by logic. Patterns may be present in pre-existing data, but projections of future behavior cannot be entirely accurate based on such patterns, for there will always be some leeway, extraneous and surprising factors that go unaccounted for, and so on (Qui et al., 2022). This is especially likely to be the case in any situation characterized by an intense environment, such as aviation emergencies, for it is precisely this kind of life-or-death situation that can easily defy the predictive power of algorithms (Osoba et al., 2017). Algorithms can clearly be designed to identify patterns from past data, but they may falter when faced with situations that they have not previously encountered or that differ in any fundamental way to the data that they have received (Osoba et al., 2017). Moreover, how they are designed in the first place can predicate how they interpret data (Osoba et al., 2017).The unpredictability of such systems can also be examined from the different factors influencing human decisions. Emotions can vary widely among different kinds of people, depending on various factors such as gender, culture, age, and so on; and yet these factors too can be deeply impacted by immediate circumstances and past experiences.

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Added to this is, as Hermstruwer (2020) points out, the problem of “the generalizability of machine-based outcomes, counterfactual reasoning, error weighting, the proportionality principle, the risk of gaming and decisions under complex constraints” (p. 199). Each of these must be addressed in order for machine learning to really be fundamentally sound in terms of predicting human behavior.For example, a pilot\'s immediate reaction to an unexpected event might be shaped by a past experience, a recent conversation, or even their physical state at that moment. Or, decisions that are made in the blink of an eye may be made in accordance with the actor’s best or worst instincts rather than conscious thought. All of this adds layer upon layer of unpredictability. Personal experiences, cultural backgrounds, and individual training may also lead to different responses in similar situations. Thus, algorithms can offer valuable insights into generalized takes on situations, but the complexity of human behavior and aciton, especially in high-stakes/high-pressure situations, where a variety of different people may…

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…especially when grappling with data limitations. The article\'s reliance on the HFACS taxonomy was also used to show that machine learning could work to solve safety issues.However, the authors did not go out of their way to address the inherent unpredictability of human actions, which suggests that this unpredictability could still stymie any model\'s attempts at flawless predictions. Nonetheless, the essence of the article\'s argument is not about attaining absolute precision with machine learning. Rather, it is centered on augmenting the existing knowledge base and refining the accuracy of predictions. But is this enough? The empirical results showcased in the paper could be viewed as evidence of the potential of machine learning in such circumstances—but only under very limited circumstances.Indeed, the approach of the authors may still be seen as unsatisfactory for several reasons. Firstly, relying heavily on machine learning might leave out other valuable analytical methods or human expertise (Rudin, 2019). Secondly, while the models show promise, they are not immune to errors, and in a high-stakes environment like aviation, even minor inaccuracies can have major consequences. Finally, the paper\'s emphasis on data-driven insights overshadows the importance of qualitative, experiential knowledge in understanding human factors, and this could be seen as yet another limitation that leads to an incomplete or skewed understanding of real-world aviation safety dynamics.ConclusionMachine learning does provide some promise in terms of promoting aviation safety but only in limited circumstances. The high accuracy achieved by the Random Forest model certainly highlights the potential power of machine learning in predicting and mitigating risks associated with human factors in aviation. However, its application in this context has its own challenges. For example, the reliability of the model is heavily contingent on the quality and comprehensiveness of the data. Any gaps or inaccuracies in the data could lead to flawed predictions, which could have dire consequences. Also, the complexity of human behavior and decision-making poses another significant challenge. Machine learning models can identify patterns, but they also fall short in accounting for the full range of human emotions, judgments, and inputs that lead to certain decisions or actions. Another concern is the potential over-reliance on technology. There is a tangible risk that aviation professionals might become overly dependent on predictive models, or even resentful of them, and this has the potential risk of sidelining other safety measures or failing to question or apply the model\'s outputs when necessary as the case may be. Furthermore, the interpretability of machine learning models, especially complex ones like neural networks, is a challenge. These models can often act as \"black boxes,\" making it difficult to understand the rationale behind certain predictions, which is crucial in high-stakes industries like aviation. Thus, while the research by Nogueira et al. (20230 showcases the potential of machine learning in enhancing aviation safety, it\'s essential to approach its application with caution. The inherent challenges of machine learning….....

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