Reliability Refers to the Consistency Essay

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(ii) the Alternative Forms Procedure: This involves two tests given two or more times. The advantages include less cueing because the tests differ. Disadvantages include history and maturation factors.

6. Positive approach is empirically based and insists that measures must proceed according to strict evidence and their validity must be generated from experimental (or quantitative) research. The advantages are that this accords greater validity and reliability. The disadvantages are that the complexity of human factors is inadequately addressed by the rigidity and inflexibility of the experimental method. The qualitative (or non-positivistic) on the other hand, insists that humans cannot be measured or tested in a laboratory environment. The results are, however, less reliable, and oftentimes more subjective.

7. Cross sectional research is research that is conducted over different population groups at a single space in time. For instance, assessing whether people of different cultures vary in the way that they walk. Longitudinal research is conducted on one population over a period of time for instance to see whether this style of walking changes over the years and if so in which way.

8. Social workers do have an ethical responsibility to engage in research since information changes constantly, and if social workers wish to be as professional and as efficient as possible they need to keep up with current research.

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For that reason, caregiving should be evidence-based rather than transmitted from hearsays.

9. Characteristics of a normal bell shaped curve include the fact that is has a continuous distribution; is symmetrical about the mean; each side of the mean can go on forever in either direction; the curve is unimodal (the values are bunched up against the center of the curve) the area under the curve is 1, so each side being symmetrical, the area on each side of the mean is 0.5.

10. Central tendency refers to the middle or average of the tendency. Three different measures -- the mean, mode, and median - may be used to measure this, since although this may often refer to the average sometimes the average may not always be discovered by one measure alone. For instanced, we may discover the average of the class score on a certain test by taking the mean, but cannot find the average of redheaded boys in the class by using the mathematical mean. In this case, one would have to use the mode. And to discover who is the 'middle' student in a row of students lining up by the….....

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