Research Question and Counseling Essay

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Perceptions of Self-Efficacy Among Counseling Students

Today, increasing numbers of college students are enrolled in online courses that either supplement or entirely replace traditional land-based counseling graduate degree programs (Smith, Mcaullife & Rippard, 2014). These trends may have an effect on the respective levels of self-efficacy that counseling students develop as a result of their online or land-based coursework. To help determine the extent of these differences, if they exist, this paper was guided by the following research question: "What are the differences in perceptions of self-efficacy among counseling students in online and land-based counseling graduate degree programs?" In order to develop a timely and informed answer to this research question, a definition of self-efficacy is followed by a proposed 10-item survey that measures the respective levels of self-efficacy of online and land-based counseling students. A listing of the 10 survey items is followed by supporting rationale for their inclusion and a description of the data collection and analysis procedures that would be used with this instrument. Finally, an explanation concerning the challenges that are associated with constructing a survey of this nature is followed by a summary of the research and important findings concerning these issues in the conclusion.

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Definition of Self-Efficacy

Self-efficacy is generally defined by Lane and Lane as "the levels of confidence individuals have in their ability to execute courses of action or attain specific performance outcomes" (2009, p. 687). It has been suggested that individual expectations concerning personal efficacy can affect initiating behaviors, the amount of effort that will be used to achieve a given objective and the amount of perseverance that will be applied to the objective in response to challenges and obstacles (Lane & Lane, 2009). The research to date indicates that successful performance is highly correlated with high levels of self-efficacy (Lane & Lane, 2009).

Ten-Item Survey

A self-administered custom questionnaire (Sheparis, Young & Daniels, 2017) can be used to measure the self-efficacy of in online and land-based counseling students. This survey can be administered to a population sample of online and land-based counseling students using an online or using a paper-and-pencil version which contains the following Likert-scaled questions with a five-level response scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree with a no opinion/not application option.

1. I'm confident that I can provide all clients with the counseling services they need to address the problems in.....

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