Democracy and Clientelism: Political clientelism is basically considered as the distribution of discriminatory benefits to people or groups in exchange for political support. Clientelism is a form of personal exchange that is always characterized by Continue Reading...
defends a definition of populism, addressing its ideology, social base, charisma, clientelism, and the extent of institutionalization; the second part argues that populism and guerrilla movements are very similar phenomena, divided only by the level Continue Reading...
From the end of the War to the early 1950s, the Bank of Italy was credited for attracting and managing international aid, which helped bring the country out of a steep state of emergency and on the path of reconstruction. International aid came from Continue Reading...
Social Development in Mexico: 1876-1911 Reform ideas that spread during 1855-1875, "the reform period," came to be implemented at the national level under the regime of Porfirio Diaz. In the reform period, the goal of modernizing Mexico, i.e. make i Continue Reading...
Pattillo reports that there is an ongoing adversarial relationship between residents, city officials, and private developers, when it comes to making old rotting neighborhoods fresh and safe again. And all of this comes as a backdrop to the lingerin Continue Reading...
