Selective Mutism Term Paper

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Mutism

Parents not with great joy as their children meet important developmental milestones. Both first steps and first words are celebrated and described in detail to friends and family. But sometimes as a child gets older, changes occur. Inexplicably, sometimes children who have talked for several years suddenly stop talking. Typically the child becomes selectively silent, talking animatedly with family and known friends but becoming mute at school or with strangers. When the problem is severe and exists over a period of time, the child may be diagnosed with selective mutism.

In one example, a child who was almost five years old started preschool, and after two weeks, refused to speak either to the teacher or his classmates. He also cried at arrival and would ask his parents to take him home. At home he spoke, but only to his mother, but clearly and in complete sentences. He communicated only nonverbally with his father and siblings. When the parents took him to the pediatrician, the doctor could not get him to speak (Rapin, 2001).

While selective mutism isn't well understood, it has been reported in the literature since 1877 (McCracken, 2002), when a doctor by the name of Kussmaul described a case of "aphsia voluntaria." (Fairbanks, 1997). For a very long time, selective mutism was believed to be triggered by some severe trauma. Recent research, however, has shown it to be a part of a larger social anxiety disorder (Fairbanks, 1997). In all likelihood, anxious children would be more likely to respond to trauma with a more severe response such as selective mutism, so there may be some connection, but the underlying cause is believed to be anxiety. In fact the majority of children with selective mutism have not experienced significant trauma (Rapin, 2001).

WHAT IS IT?

Because of those discoveries, the medical view of what selective mutism is has changed. Through the most recent version of the psychiatric manual Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (IV, published in 1994 and known as DSM IV), selective mutism is listed under "Other Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence," suggesting that it doesn't fit well into the diagnostic system of the manual (Fairbanks, 1997). DSM-IV describes it as "the persistent failure to speak in specific social situations despite speaking in other situations. In addition, the disturbance must interfere with achievement or social communication and last for more than 1 month (McCracken, 2002)." The diagnostic criteria allow diagnosticians to separate selective mutism out from other causes, such as aphasia or autism.

Selective mutism is a disorder that emerges after a previously normal language development. The children speak selectively, being nearly or completely silent in some environments. Typically the problem emerges early in the child's education, often coinciding with the start of preschool or school attendance (Rapin, 2001). The children don't actively choose to be mute, but become mute when present in situations that produce anxiety within themselves (Roberts, 2002). It is now widely viewed as a form of social phobia with possible biologic predispositions, as the problem tends to run in families. It often responds positively to the selective use of medications (Roberts, 2002). Early intervention may e important; in one study, the selective mutism maintained for five years or more once children who were mute for less than a month were eliminated (4). Often those transitory episodes corresponded with the start of school, but for those children the problem was self-limiting (Rapin, 2001).

HOW COMMON IS IT?

Although selective mutism has not been thoroughly researched, it may be more common than previously thought (McCracken, 2002). Until 1997, only two studies of its prevalence in the general community had been conducted, neither of them in the United States. In 1975, researchers in Great Britain identified about.7 of five-year-olds as being completely mute at school. Eight months later, however, only.08% were still completely mute (McCracken, 2002).

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Another study in Great Britain looked at 3,000 children and found that.3% were "speech retarded," or failing to use three or more words for meaningful communication. Only.02% met their definition of selective mutism: "inordinate and selective shyness of strangers" (McCracken, 2002). Both these studies are problematic in that they do not use accepted definitions of selective mutism, which does not require a complete failure to talk in given settings.

More significantly, children with selective mutism have been shown to show signs of social anxiety and other internalizing problems. While the children tended to improve in their willingness to communicate over six months, they still show significant other symptoms related to anxiety (McCracken, 2002). Thus selective mutism is usually seen in the presence of other signs of significant levels of anxiety. In addition, one study found that 1% of children seen in mental health centers showed selective mutism, compared to.1% in the general population (Rapin, 2001).

DIAGNOSIS

Diagnosis of selective mutism is the process of identifying the symptoms of the condition while ruling other possible causes out. Part of the diagnosis requires that the mutism be present only ins selected environments, along with sudden onset (Roberts, 2002). While recent research has demonstrated that selective mutism is typically part of an anxiety disorder, many authors continue to place it with speech and language disorders. While speech and language are clearly affected by selective mutism, typically speech and language are present but show some abnormality, such as articulation problems or difficulty with specific language concepts (Fairbanks, 1997). In selective mutism, speech and language skills are intact but selectively used.

In addition to ruling out speech or language as causative factors, the child's physical health must be considered. History of an infection that could lead to sudden deafness should be considered, and in rare cases, a brain lesion may be the problem: rarely, children can have strokes, and sickle cell anemia can cause brain trauma. However, these events should provide other indications, such as motor problems (Rapin, 2001).

The average age for selective mutism to appear ranges from 2 1/2 years to seven years, depending on the study. Since autism often appears in the younger years, it should also be ruled out as well (Rapin, 2001). Diagnosis can be complicated by the fact that from 20% - 33% of children in the studies done also had some kind of developmental language delay in addition to the selective mutism. Some came from families where English was a second language. The differentiating feature in these groups was the fact that the selective mutism was accompanied by signs of social anxiety such as excessive shyness. There was scant evidence of some kind of emotional trauma preceding the onset of selective mutism (Rapin, 2001). In other research, fifty children with selective mutism were evaluated using clinical interviews and rating scales. All the children met the diagnostic criteria for either social phobia or avoidant disorder. Nearly 50% of the children met the criteria for additional anxiety disorders as well, making a strong case for considering selective mutism as a form of anxiety disorder (Fairbanks, 1997).

TREATMENT

As Fairbainks (1997) said, "The findings of very high rates of anxiety disorders, low rates of disruptive behavior disorders, and a lack of traumatic history in children with SM are consistent with other recent reports and provide further support for the view that selective mutism is typically a behavioral manifestation of a social anxiety disorder." This new perspective has important treatment implications. We don't typically think of four-year-olds, much less 30-month-olds, as being anxious, but to help children with selective mutism we need to adjust that perspective, because most typically, selective mutism is part of an anxiety disorder (Fairbanks, 1997). In addition, it is a form of anxiety that significantly impairs their function,.....

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