Statistical Conclusion and Its Connection Essay

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The Type 1 error refers to rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. The Type 2 error is when one rejects the alternative hypothesis even though it is true.

3. Parametric and non-parametric tests

Parametric tests usually deal with samples that have a normal distribution and that are measured with means and standard deviations. T-tests and ANOVA are examples of this comparing one group against another. The Pearson would be used with correlation. Non-parametric tests, however deal with populations where there is no or vague assumptions about the shape or parameters of the population (for instance when one is dealing with a very small sample of offenders that cannot be measured with parametric instruments). Non-parametric tests include Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Kruskal-Wallis test as t-test / ANOVA contrast as well as Spearman's rank correlation instead of Pearson's. (Parametric and Nonparametric: Demystifying the Terms)

4. T-test and ANOVA

The t-test is used for 2 groups, control and experimental. The Anova is used for more than 2 groups. Both are parametric tests. The MANOVA is used for when many different components are expected to be involved in the study and researcher wants to study which one is likely to be most responsible for results.

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There are three types of t-test:

1. One-sample-t-test - Compares mean of sample with known population mean

2. The independent two-sample t-test is used to determine if the means of two independent samples are equal (for instance if interventions when applied to both show similar results).

3. Paired samples t-test - if the means of a paired sample is equal (for instance comparing the test scores of a group that received that same test on two different occasions).

4. General issues of using recidivism as a dependent measure in any study are the following:

The construct of recidivism has to be thoroughly defined -- this includes the characteristics of the offenders: their sex, their age, their geographic background, their socio-economic background, and level of education, crime, reasons why they perpetrated the crime, ethnicity, and so forth. Recidivism is too general and object of investigation has to be thoroughly defined so that researcher is sure that objectives of study are met.

In this study too the construct has to be clearly defined in order to make sure that the participants of each group are closely matched and that all meet the desired requirements of 'recidivism'. Only then can one tell whether.....

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