Strain Theory and Identity Theft Essay

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Consumer FraudIntroductionThe crime problem selected for this essay is consumer fraud, a form of deceit perpetrated against consumers involving deceptive business practices. Consumer fraud can include various scams, false advertising, identity theft, and other illicit activities intending to deceive consumers out of their money. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) estimates that in the United States alone, millions of people fall victim to consumer fraud each year, leading to billions of dollars in losses. The impacts of consumer fraud are profound, extending beyond financial losses to include psychological distress and diminished trust in commercial transactions. This essay aims to explore this crime problem from both sociological and psychological perspectives, applying Strain Theory and Routine Activities Theory respectively. These theories will be used to unpack the phenomenon of consumer fraud, offering potential insights into prevention strategies and implications for public policy. The essay will begin by defining consumer fraud, followed by a detailed analysis of each selected theory and its relevance to consumer fraud. The strengths and limitations of these theories will be discussed. Finally, we will delve into the implications for practitioners and public policy.Consumer Fraud: Definition, Prevalence, and ImpactConsumer fraud, at its core, is a deceitful act or behavior perpetrated against consumers to achieve financial gain (Benson & Simpson, 2009). The definition of consumer fraud includes a range of deceptive practices that fall under this umbrella term. For that reason, it can encompass several illicit activities such as false advertising, telemarketing scams, pyramid schemes, identity theft, phishing, and a host of advanced cyber fraud techniques (Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 2021). The introduction of increasingly sophisticated technology, such as phishing scams, identity theft, online auction frauds, and more, only adds to the murky complicated character of this type of crime (Benson & Simpson, 2009).The prevalence and impacts of consumer fraud are significant, extending well beyond financial losses. As more transactions are carried out online, consumers face a higher risk of falling victim to fraud. According to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), in 2021 alone, consumers reported losing more than $3.3 billion to fraud (FTC, 2022). This figure represents a drastic increase compared to previous years, highlighting the growing threat of consumer fraud. Notably, this financial loss represents only the reported cases; the true figure could be much higher considering unreported incidents.Beyond the financial damage, consumer fraud can also have significant psychological impacts on its victims. Experiencing fraud can lead to feelings of violation, vulnerability, and reduced trust in commercial transactions (Button et al., 2014). The societal cost of consumer fraud, therefore, extends beyond monetary losses, affecting consumers' mental health and overall confidence in market systems.Strain Theory: Principles and Relevance to Consumer FraudStrain theory suggests that social structures within society may pressure citizens to commit crimes when those structures become too restrictive and oppressive (Merton, 1938). It is grounded in the concept of anomie, a state of normlessness, where social and economic structures in society do not provide the means for all individuals to achieve culturally valued goals, causing strain (Merton, 1938). The concept of anomie comes from sociologist Emile Durkheim, who used to describe what happens when existing norms fail to regulate people’s behavior (Cloward, 1958).Merton (1938) applied the concept of anomie to American society, arguing that cultural goals and socially approved means to achieve these goals are not equally distributed among all individuals in society. He highlighted the American Dream as an example of a culturally valued goal – a goal that prioritizes success and wealth. However, not all individuals have the same opportunities or means to achieve this goal. For instance, people may lack access to quality education or good-paying jobs due to socio-economic constraints or systemic inequities.

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This disjunction between cultural goals and the availability of institutionalized means to achieve them results in a strain. Under such strain, individuals may feel pressured to resort to illicit means, like consumer fraud, to achieve these culturally valued goals. This act is an example of Merton's "innovation" adaptation, where societal norms are eschewed in favor of innovative but illegitimate paths to success.Merton (1938) suggests five ways individuals adapt to this strain: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Of these, 'innovation' is particularly relevant to consumer fraud. Those choosing the path of innovation accept societal goals but find alternative, often illicit, means to reach them, primarily due to their lack of legitimate means (e.g., good education,…

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…societal goals.Added to this, insights from Routine Activities Theory point towards reducing opportunities for fraud as a critical aspect of preventing consumer fraud. This can be achieved through consumer education programs that raise awareness about potential fraud risks and protective measures. Moreover, the development and implementation of more secure online platforms and robust digital security systems can decrease the number of suitable targets and increase the presence of capable guardians in the digital space (Holt & Bossler, 2009).Together, these strategies can address both the motivations behind consumer fraud and the opportunities that facilitate it. This integrated approach could be significantly more effective than addressing either aspect in isolation. If society addressing these stressors, through means such as social welfare programs, job creation, or reorienting societal values, it can potentially reduce the number of individuals who feel pressured into committing fraud. However, this approach alone may not be enough, as it does not totally account for the opportunities for fraud that are inherent in our increasingly digital routines.That is where Routine Activities Theory can come into play. This theory suggests that the conditions in which people conduct their daily activities (such as online shopping or banking) can create opportunities for crime, especially when a motivated offender encounters a suitable target in the absence of a capable guardian. If society recognizes these conditions, it can devise strategies to reduce opportunities for fraud. This can involve consumer education about potential fraud risks, improving digital security systems, and implementing more secure protocols for online financial transactions.Top of FormConclusionConsumer fraud is a pervasive problem, characterized by deceptive practices intended for personal or group financial gain at the expense of consumers. The prevalence of consumer fraud has been on a significant rise, especially with the advent of online retail and financial transactions. This form of crime has a significant financial and psychological impact on its victims, necessitating a comprehensive understanding to devise effective prevention strategies. An examination of consumer fraud through the lenses of Strain Theory and Routine Activities Theory suggests that societal pressures and financial distress can motivate individuals to commit fraud and also that situational conditions conducive to consumer fraud can exacerbate the problem. Using both theories….....

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