Trichinella Parasites in Boars Jackals and Other Wildlife in Europe Annotated Bibliography

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Airas, N., Nareaho, A., Linden, J., Tuomola, K., Sukura, A. (2012). The different infectivity of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella nativa in rat does not solely localize to enteral or parenteral phase. Parasitology Research, 111(6): 2281-2288.

Researchers from the Department of Veterinary Biosciences in Helskinki tested the hypothesis that T. spiralis and T. nativa have different life cycle phases in which selective responses take place in different vectors. The study finds that reproduction processes in the two species may explain the difference in rat defense effects. The study supports the findings of Mirjalali et al. (2014) in their conclusion that Trichinella species may reproduce in hosts that are still yet to be fully understood. The study is helpful in highlighting the need to better understand the reproductive processes of T. spiralis in various vectors.

Chmurzynska, E., Rozycki, M., Bilska-Zajac, E. et al. (2013). Trichinella nativa in red

foxes (Vulpes vulpes) of Germany and Poland: possible different origins. Veterinary Parasitology, 198(1-2): 254-257.

The researchers from the National Veterinary Research Institute in Poland and the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment in Germany find that the red fox is high risk to public safety because it is a carrier of Trichinella. The finding of the arctic species T. native in 3 foxes, one of which was also infected with T. spiralis, and 1 fox in Poland has caused concern.

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This finding shows that T. nativa has spread beyond its hitherto known distribution region. The problem posed by this study is how T. native can survive and colonize in temperate zones. The researchers conclude that the raccoon dog may be responsible as a carrier of T. nativa between the two regions.

Jiang, H., Zhao, N., Zhang, Q. Gao, J. et al. (2016). Intestinal microbes influence the survival, reproduction and protein profile of Trichinella spiralis in vitro. International Journal of Parasitology, 46(1): 51-58.

Researchers from the Laboratory of Zoonosis Research in Changchun, China, and the Laboratory Animal Center in Shenyang, China, examined the impact of microbes found in the human intestine and noted that a protective response to T. spiralis is located in metabolic acceleration. Specifically, the researchers found that microbe alterations affected T. spiralis survival rates in vitro. The study concluded that "some gut bacteria are friendly or harmful to humans and in addition they may have similar beneficial or detrimental effects on parasites" (p. 51). This study is helpful because it locates a potential therapy that may be used in the fight against the spread of parasitic infection of T. spiralis and could be used in conjunction with other studies related to the issue of the spread of Trichinella and various vectors in order to test the impact of these bacteria across species.

Mirjalali,.....

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