U.S. Foreign Policy in Southern Term Paper

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" Regan was able to discourage Congress' previous prohibitions for aid to UNITA and instead launched into the covert plan to leverage American weight on the side fighting the Marxist supporters. The Soviet Union reacted quickly; Cuban expeditionary forces were sent to the region in their satellite guerilla's aid and, in the bloody fight between ethnic groups in Angola, the larger Soviet-American conflict played out.

In 1987, the struggle came to a head. The United States assumed its supportive role for UNITA as reason preside over the tripartite negotiation that would end the civil war. At the bargaining table were also Cuban and South African forces, reaffirming the battle as one led by other issues more than directed by the cause of Angolan success. Cuba agreed to leave Angola, ultimately, but South Africa also agreed to relinquish its control over Namibia. Twenty years earlier, Marxist South-West Africa People's Organization launched its own guerilla war for independence there, but only 1988 did it appease its United Nations responsibilities by providing the nation state its freedom in accordance with the peace plan for the region. Despite South African Afrikan and United States' efforts, two new nations left the long struggle with their own independence - and as Marxist regimes.

The scripts that soared through Washington and South Africa - calls for U.S. foreign policy that would resist the threatening spread of Marxism and communist ideologies - failed on a massive front, putting into question the ideology with which American policy had dealt with the southern region of Africa in its entirety. "This assessment," one of hopeful democratic success, "turned out to be wrong." Yet, United States leaders had remained blissfully unaware of the failing cause and struggling forces around Luanda until it all fell apart. At that point, the American support of South Africa, which had long inhabited Namibian territory in an effort ward off another Marxist state in the surroundings (for socio-cultural reasons directly at odds with American civic philosophy but scripted out of support proposals), also shifted. Suddenly, the country that birthed the Namibian Marxism was also the threat that sought to build armaments at odds with American military desires. Despite growing arms, however, even South Africa could not ward off change forever, and soon the ANC-led government gifted American with a new "proven friend."

As the Reagan Doctrine saw a return to the Nixon-Kissinger "tilt" to Southern Africa, the post-Reagan American concerns have returned foreign policy to that region in parallel to the pre-Reagan idea. "For the rest, both the first Bush administration and President Clinton tended to rely heavily on the French and the British to play the leading mentoring roles in their former colonies.

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" Despite their apparent removal from the process, the Portuguese-botched independences achieved in Mozambique and Angola sought American mentoring, as have Ethiopia and Liberia. Both presidents maintained a steady leadership role in the South Africa area, but that was put into question after September 11th. Recent foreign policy has identified Sub-Saharan Africa as potential partners in the coalition against terror, but weak governments remain unable to address the problem, despite Bush rigueur. Since the Reagan administration began, the American policy towards Southern Africa has been varied and self-serving, hasty, and unnecessary - reaffirming its parallel to the policies existed before.

Bender, Gerald J. "Angola: Left, Right, & Wrong." Gerald J. Bender. Foreign Policy. No. 43. (Summer, 1981.) p. 53-69.

Bender, Gerald J. "The Role of Congress in the Development of a Responsible American Policy toward Angola." Issue: A Journal of Opinion. Vol. 5, No. 3, South Africa and United States Policy in the 1970s. (Autumn, 1975.) p. 18-21.

Cohen, Herman J. "The United States and Africa: Non-Vital Interests Also Require Attention." American Diplomat. August 30, 2003. P. 3.

Kahn, Owen Ellison. "Cuba's Impact no Southern Africa." Journal of Intermaerican Studies and World Affairs. Vol. 29, No. 3. (Autumn, 1987.) p. 33-54.

McFaul, Michael. "Rethinking the 'Reagan Doctrine' in Angola." International Security. Vol. 14, No. 3. (Winter, 1989.) p. 99-135.

Ogunbajedo, Oye. "Angola: Ideology and Pragmatism in Foreign Policy." International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-.) Vol. 57, No. 2. (Spring, 1981.) p. 254-269.

Purkitt, Helen E. "A Problem-Centered Approach for Understanding Foreign Policy: Some Examples from U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Southern Africa." Annapolis: United States Naval Academy, 2000.

Smith, Wayne S. "A Trap in Angola." Foreign Policy. No. 62. (Spring, 1986.) p. 61-74.

Tvedten, Inge. "U.S. Policy towards Angola since 1975." The Journal of Modern African Studies." Vol. 30, No. 1. (Mar., 1992.) p. 31-52.

Wolpe, Howard. "Seizing Southern African Opportunities." Foreign Policies. No. 73. (Winter, 1988.) p. 20-75.

Purkitt, Helen E. "A Problem-Centered Approach for Understanding Foreign Policy: Some Examples from U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Southern Africa." Annapolis: United States Naval Academy, 2000. P. 8.

Cohen, Herman J. "The United States and Africa: Non-Vital Interests Also Require Attention." American Diplomat. August 30, 2003. P. 3.

El-Khawas, M.A. And Cohen, B. The Kissinger Study on Southern Africa. Nottngham: Spokesman Books, 1976. 20.

Purkitt, p. 8.

Purkitt, p. 3.

Cohen, p. 11.

Ogunbajedo, Oye. "Angola: Ideology and Pragmatism in Foreign Policy." International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-.)….....

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