Why Women Are at Greater Risk of Developing Alzheimer 's Disease Annotated Bibliography

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The Prevalence and Effects of Alzheimer’s Disease Among American WomenDescription of Topic for Dissertation ResearchAt present, there are more than 5 million cases of Alzheimer’s disease in the United States, and this figure is projected to increase by 300% by mid-century (Vega et al., 2017). Although the Food and Drug Administration recently approved the first medicinal treatment for Alzheimer’s disease, its efficacy remains unknown at present and it is reasonable to suggest that many Americans will continue to suffer from this disorder as they grow older. While Alzheimer’s disease can occur at any time during the lifespan, it is generally regarded as an age-related disorder since it typically occurs among the elderly and represents the most common cause of dementia in this population (Beckman & Morrison, 2021). Despite a small decline in life expectancy rates attributable to the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic in recent years, people are still living longer today and ever before in history. Therefore, it is also reasonable to posit that unless and until the precise causes of Alzheimer’s disease are identified and efficacious treatments become widely available, the number of Alzheimer’s disease sufferers will continue to increase well into the foreseeable future (Beckman & Morrison, 2021).. What is known for certain at present is that women have a higher lifetime incidence of Alzheimer’s disease compared to men (Peeters et al., 2022). Researchers have also determined that Alzheimer’s disease currently affects almost 50 million people globally, and that fully two-thirds of the cases in the United States are women (Beckman & Morrison, 2021). Moreover, the female population in the United States is becoming far more diverse, and the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease among African American and Hispanic women is also higher compared to men, with the largest differences existing among the same ethnicity (Royse et al., 2021). In addition, African American women are also less likely to seek medical assistance when the symptoms of Alzheimer’s first occur, thereby exacerbating the condition and accelerating its devastating effects on the human mind and body (Lincoln et al., 2021). Taken together, these issues make the study of the prevalence and effects of Alzheimer’s disease among American women a timely and interesting topic that warrants further investigation.Annotated List of Juried ArticlesAndrew, M. K. & Tierney, M. C. (2018). The puzzle of sex, gender and Alzheimer’s disease: Why are women more often affected than men? Women’s Health, 14, 1-8.This study cites the significant differences in the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease between men and women as a problem that warrants additional investigation. The purpose of the study was to provide a comprehensive, critical analysis of these issues using a narrative review to identify gender- and sex-based influences in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. In this regard, the authors note that there are multiple sex differences between men and women with respect to hormones, pregnancy and brain structure that may have an influence on the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. The findings that emerged from this study included the effects of longevity because women tend to outlive men as well as other biological differences such as hormonal and physicality which may play a role. In addition, gendered social roles and educational and employment opportunities may also be implicated in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Based on these findings, the authors suggest that additional research concerning the manner in which sex- and gender-based differences combine to place women at greater risk of developing Alzheimer’s compared to men. Likewise, the authors also call for further studies to determine how sex and gender should be taken into account for the optimal management of this disorder.

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A minor weakness in this study was the minimal discussion concerning the relationship between female frailty and the onset of Alzheimer’s although this factor was included in the calculus.Kimura, A. et al. (2019). Malnutrition is Associated with Behavioral and Psychiatric Symptoms of Dementia in Older Women with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease. Nutrients, 11(8), 1951-1966.This article emphasizes the fact that the world’s population is living longer with a concomitant increase in the prevalence of various…

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…the onset of Alzheimer’s. Likewise, the high rates of diabetes among the Latino population in the U.S. may also increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s. Based on these and other findings, the authors conclude that it is possible that the combination of the various social determinants of health account for the current disparities in the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease among the Latino population in the United States. As a result, the authors recommend that additional research be conducted in this area to isolate the most significant determinant so that these disparities can be reduced or even eliminated.Additional Women and Alzheimer’s Disease ArticlesBeckman, D., & Morrison, J. H. (2021). Towards developing a rhesus monkey model of early Alzheimer’s disease focusing on women’s health. American Journal of Primatology, 83(11), 1–7.de Lange, A. G. (2020, August). Women\'s brain aging: Effects of sex-hormone exposure, pregnancies, and genetic risk for Alzheimer\'s disease. Human Brain Mapping, 41(18), 5141-5150.Dubal, D. B. (2020). Sex difference in Alzheimer\'s disease: An updated, balanced and emerging perspective on differing vulnerabilities. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 175, 261-273.Kimura, A. et al. (2019). Malnutrition is Associated with Behavioral and Psychiatric Symptoms of Dementia in Older Women with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease. Nutrients, 11, 1951.Peeters, G., Katelekha, K., Lawlor, B., & Demnitz, N. (2022). Sex differences in the incidence and prevalence of young?onset Alzheimer’s disease: A meta?analysis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 37(1), 1–9.Sanfilippo, C. (2019, May 15). Middle-aged healthy women and Alzheimer\'s disease patients present an overlapping of brain cell transcriptional profile. Neuroscience, 406(15), 333-344.Savolainen-Peltonen, H. (2019, March 6). Use of postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of Alzheimer’s disease in Finland: nationwide case-control study. BMJ, 364(8190), l665-1672.Song, Y. J. et al. (2020, March 10). The Effect of Estrogen Replacement Therapy on Alzheimer\'s Disease and Parkinson\'s Disease in Postmenopausal Women: A Meta-Analysis. Frontiers of Neuroendocrinology, 14, 1-13.Subramaniapillai, S. et al. (2021, January). Sex and gender differences in cognitive and brain reserve: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease in women. Frontiers of Neuroendocrinology, 60, 100879.Zhu, D. et al. (2021). Alzheimer’s pathogenic mechanisms and underlying….....

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