Cracking India" by Bapsi Sidhwa Term Paper

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Thus, these castes being born twice in Hinduism, the principles behind Karma and Reincarnation applies to them. Karma refers to the corresponding reaction to an action or deed that an individual had done to another living thing/s. This means that if the deed was bad or considered evil, the corresponding reaction or karma will also be bad or evil. A similar analogy is applied to goodness/good deeds. Reincarnation is the return of some metaphysical part of the self into a new body -- a process of rebirth for the individual, characteristic of the concept of two births exclusively only to members of the three higher castes.

Jainism is an old religion prevalent in India and other nations in the Asian region. Originally a part of the Buddhist religion, Jainism believes not in the concept of a God, but the authority of the saints or prophets. Its religious principles are simple and deterministic: Jainism posits that the world is made up of two independent categories. These categories are the living soul or the "enjoyer" and the non-living object or the "enjoyed." Though it does not believe in the concept of one divine authority, Jainists subsist to the same caste system dominant in Hinduism. Thus, Jainism also has the same castes or social divisions as is found in the Hindu caste system.

The Partition was the religious and political division proposed and implemented by the Indian government as it sought its independence during the mid-20th century. During the Partition, India as a nation was divided between India and Pakistan, wherein the former was Hindu-dominated and the latter, Muslim-dominated.

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Two other areas or territories were formed during the Partition, Bengal and Punjab, which were characteristically While these partitions allowed Indians to practice each society's religion autonomously or independently, it further aggravated the diversity among these territories, making the formerly united Indian nation into highly-diversified and antagonistic territories in the South Asian region at present.

The Upanishads are Hindu religious writings that are part of the Vedas. More than a hundred Upanishad texts exist, containing prose about the nature and principles behind Hinduism and its religious divisions or castes. Centering its discussion on the Brahmans, the Upanishads talks about the Brahman as the universal soul, thereby making it the legitimate head of the Hindu caste system and deserving of the title as the earthly god. In addition to this fact, the Upanishads also discuss Hindu doctrine through the following topics/issues: nature of existence, ways of meditating, salvation, and reincarnation (theory of reincarnation), among others.

The Mughal Empire dominated India for more than 300 years because of its efficient consolidation of its territories, particularly in the Indian state. Originating from Turko-Mongol heritage, Mughal emperors maintained the efficiency of the empire by consolidating their territories under one political rule -- the Emperor. More importantly, Mughal emperors avoided disunity and instability in Indian society by making sure that there were no major ethnic or religious groups, which could potentially trigger uprisings and factions within each territory. Keeping the leadership under the rule of only an individual (Emperor), the Mughal Empire had successfully established India as its major colony and territory for hundreds of years......

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