The Division Classes The Distinctive Aspects Term Paper

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The Distinctive Aspect of The Division Classes1. PsychologyAccording to the American Psychological Association, Psychology refers to the scientific study of behavior and mind. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and has several sports, human development, social behavior, cognitive process, health, and sports. Furthermore, the American Psychological Association is a professional body with the mission to improve people\'s lives by disseminating and advancing psychological knowledge (Vygotsky, 20). Within the American Psychological Association are over 50 divisions ranging from comparative and neuroscience psychology, spirituality to exercise, to behavioral psychology (Vygotsky, 21). According to psychologists, there is no specific study on the way people behave and think. However, there is a varying school of thought that has developed in the field of psychology, shaping how human behaviors are investigated. For instance, according to psychologists, some behaviors can be attributed to genetic factors, while others may be attributed to early childhood experiences. The majority of psychologists concentrate their careers on a specific facet of psychology like cognitive or developmental psychology. Various subdivisions/classes within psychology are interconnected to aid the understanding of mental and behavioral processes (Vygotsky, 33). They include the followings:A. Biological DomainPsychobiology, which is also referred to as biopsychology, is studying behavior and mental processes through biological principles. The study evaluates how biology influences human behavior. Most biological psychologists focus on determining how behavior is influenced by the structure and functions of the nervous system (Vygotsky, 39). Biological psychology encompasses several fields like neuropsychology, behavioral neuroscience, and cognitive neuroscience. Apart from psychobiology that typically concentrates on the immediate cause of human conduct based on physiological processes, evolutionary psychology seeks to determine the final biological cause of the behavior. The study of human behavior within the evolutionary context has its origin from Charles Darwin, who was the discoverer of evolution through natural selection (Vygotsky, 122).Subsequently, evolutionary psychology, particularly the evolutionary psychology of humans, has benefited from resurgence within the recent past decades. Behavior has to manifest meaningful genetic cause to be considered a subject of evolution through natural selection. In a nutshell, every human culture should express behavior caused genetically due to minute genetic differences within human groups (Vygotsky, 24). Several evolutionary psychologists predict a possible behavioral outcome on a specific cased based on the evolutionary theory approach followed by experimental observations to determine if the results match with the theory. Also, due to difficulties in demonstrating if given human traits are naturally selected, most of the evolutionary psychologists have, in many situations, assumed that the behaviors they experiment with contain genetic determinants (Vygotsky, 18). However, evolutionary psychology also has a challenge because human traits evolved a long time ago in human history under different social and environmental conditions. No one has a precise and clear understanding of what those conditions were—rendering difficult predictions about adaptive behavior. Otherwise, there are also other areas of human behavior where evolution can make predictions, for instance, relationships between kin, mate choice, social organization, memory, parenting, status, and friendship (Vygotsky, 22). Notably, evolutionary psychologists succeeded in finding experimental relations between the expectations and the observations. For example, one case study to determine differences in mate preference between gentles and ladies found that ladies prefer earning potential factors more than gentles, while gentles, on the other hand, choose potential reproductive factors higher than ladies within their prospective mates. Such predictions were the same as that of evolutionary theory except for a few deviations in the cultures (Vygotsky, 29).On the other hand, psychologists interested in both the physiological aspects of the sensory system and the psychological lessons of sensory information may work within the confines of sensation and perception—rendering perception and sensation research interdisciplinary.B. Cognitive DomainThrough cognitive revolution, psychologists have refocused their concentration on understanding the mental processes and the mind that underlies behavior. Therefore, cognitive psychology focuses on studying thoughts or cognitions and their relationships to our actions and experiences (Vygotsky, 38). Like biological psychology, cognitive psychology is also comprehensive in scope and usually involves scientists from diverse disciplines. Therefore, cognitive psychologists are interested in researching several topics from problem-solving to attention to memory and language. Equally, psychologists employ various approaches to study the issues.C. Developmental DomainDevelopmental psychology refers to the study of development through the lifespan. The psychologist within this class is interested in the processes that relate to maturation. Nonetheless, the study focus is not restricted to physical changes due to aging only, but they also concentrate on moral thinking, cognitive skills, psychological attributes, and social behavior (Vygotsky, 102). Initially, psychologists focused basically on changes that took place by reaching adulthood, enhancing insights into the differences in cognitive, physical, and social capacities between young children and adults—taking, for example, Jean Piaget\'s research which established that demonstration of object performance is not associated with very young children (Vygotsky, 16). To illustrate, if one shows an adult a toy, then hides it under the table, the adult knows the toy still exists; however, children tend to behave as if it no longer exists.

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Alternatively, there is an increasing interest in establishing changes that occur later in life. Thus, it could reflect the shifting population demographics, particularly from developed countries (Vygotsky, 34). Subsequently, as more populations live longer lives, the number of people with much more advanced age also increases. According to estimates, in 2010, there were around 40 million people in unites states whose age was 65 years and beyond. On the other hand, it is estimated that by 2020, the number is anticipated to be around 55 million people. While in 2050, the number is expected to rise to nearly 90 million people. Besides, learning and behaviorism are also other critical areas of study within the development domain. Learning is considered a behavior change shaped through experience and primarily accomplished through classical conditioning (Vygotsky, 56).D. Social and Personality Psychology DomainSocial psychology denotes the study of how individual feelings, behaviors, and thoughts are influenced by the imagined, implied, or actual presence of others. In the social and personality psychology domain, psychology focuses on how such thoughts, beliefs, feelings, intentions, and goals are structured and how the psychological factors influence individual interaction with others (Vygotsky, 25). Consequently,…

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…people to carry out works in medical sociology instead of the sociologist who did not find fieldwork attractive. However, by the late 1940s, many things changed due to enacting laws providing federal funding of large amounts to support and enhance joint research between medical doctors and sociologists. In the beginning, medical sociology works concentrated on getting appropriate solutions applicable to clinical medicine (Greenwood, 11).Nonetheless, the then leading theorist in sociology Talcott Parsons came up with the sick role concept in 1950 that subsequently pulled other various theoretical concepts and played an essential role in the medical sociology emergence as an academic field. Medical sociology has progressively evolved to conduct medical challenges and health problems investigations from an independent sociological perspective. Consequently, medical sociologist has one of the active and largest groups currently carrying out sociological works within Europe and North America (Coe, 74).5. Classical HistoryThree areas of classical history developed individual lifestyle, beliefs, social structures, and political institutions. Nevertheless, there were also essential similarities amongst them. For instance, they embraced patriarchal family structures where the male authority within the family was most valued and in other life areas that probably needed decision-making and guidance (Kennedy, 33). It was also an economy based on agricultural activities despite more complex and sophisticated specializations in workplaces. Farming was the most common form of occupation for most people. Besides, they developed complex and large government structures to keep their land together politically, which is also necessitated by their vast population and unique ways of governance (Kennedy, 26). Subsequently, they also had complex economic systems, thus, expanding their trade base. However, as much as they generally conducted independent trade amongst themselves, they were connected to both the sea and land through trade routes. Classical history was further sub-divided into classes that included: culture, social structure, and political organization (Kennedy, 23).Comparison Between Social Science Classes and Natural Science Classes.SimilaritiesBoth the natural science and social science classes employ observation as a method of research during research studies. Moreover, both of them have general laws applicable to either during research studies. Furthermore, both the natural and social sciences employ the use of empirical research during research work. Such research work methods can measure data using scientific and mathematical precision (Bourdieu, 32).DifferencesOne of the major differences between social science classes and Natural science classes is their focus area. Whereas social science concentrates on society and human interactions, Natural sciences majorly focus on biological research studies. In most cases, natural sciences like chemistry or physics research studies operate within confined closed systems. Equally, their research studies adopt restrictive variables to preempt the research outcome (Bourdieu, 45) quickly. On the other hand, social sciences are commonly conducted within an open system; however, the researcher cannot easily predict how the variables may behave in the research study.Furthermore, social sciences preceded natural science in terms of historical times when they were discovered. Finally, natural science primarily conducts a lot of experimental data generated from experimentation processes. However, social sciences utilize experimental data generated from real-life interactions like administering surveys and interviews (Bourdieu,….....

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