Food Riots As Social Systems Canaries Essay

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Tariff is essentially a tax that has been imposed on goods and services that are imported. The most fundamental use of a tariff is to restrict trade by increasing the cost consumers have to pay for imported goods and services. Some tariffs are termed specific tariffs as they are designed to levy a fixed fee on a particular type of item. A tariff that is levied according to the value of certain items is called an ad-valorem tariff.

Tariffs are used to shape trade policy and they can benefit governments and domestic manufacturers since they generate additional revenue -- but they do so at the expense of consumers and of foreign manufacturers. As a general rule, consumes will purchase goods that are manufactured in foreign countries since they tend to be priced lower than domestically produced goods. An inadvertent complication of tariffs is that they reduce global competition for domestic industries, and thereby tend to make the domestic industries in the affected sector less efficient. When competition heats up, countries that export counter with their own tariffs on goods imported into their countries, which can trigger trade wars. A number of agencies exist in order to combat unfairly steep and impactful tariffs -- the World Trade Organization is a prominent example of an association with this mission.

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Non-tariff barriers (NTBs) take a different tack to trade restriction by employing conditions, prohibitions, or certain market requirements that make it difficult or expensive for target products to be imported or exported. Non-tariff barriers are an umbrella construct that include non-tariff measures (NTMs), which include technical barriers to trade (TBT) and sanitary or phytosanitary (SPS) measures. A wide range of measures that are adopted by authorities or enacted by government can result in non-tariff barriers. These measures include conditions, laws, policies, regulations, restrictions, and specific requirements, as well as business practices or prohibitions -- all of which are designed to protect the interests of domestic industry from competition originated from other countries.

In October of 1905, a peculiar riot occurred in Santiago, Chile, that….....

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