Institutional Social Movement Strategies Term Paper

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People use various rhetorical techniques in order to have an impact on their audience. Four of these are: (a) conveying a sense of their own reality by invoking ideals (b) reverting to cultural norms to teach a lesson / persuade; (c) a transcendent appeal and (d) the moral arena of have or have not. Each of these can be exemplified in the attached essays.

TEACHING REALITY/INVOKING IDEALS

It seems to me that Cathcart"s essay best signifies this. The author discusses when and when not a movement can be described as confrontational. He goes into great lengths discussing the terms confrontational against other realistic terms and arguing where or not it can be accurately used in this sense. The author tries to get to the pith of the sense of the movement -- to touch at its reality. Man he says acts as 'symbol makers'. We often attach symbols to things that distort the rhetoric of the moment. There is also a dialectical ambiguity in discourse that can subvert morals and can inject rhetorical form with political or social agenda.

Cathcart concludes that his most genuine definition for movement would be 'confrontational' in an agonistic manner where loyalties are affirmed tested and changed, and where people work together to produce change. Confrontation can also be redemptive, as well as the fact that there are two types of movements: positive and negative.

What Cathcart is doing through his rhetoric, in other words, is invoking ideals though a discussion of reality, though a discussion of the analysis of the etymology.

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The movie demonstrates this with the Twitter scene where buses and students rights are discussed and the essnce of the theme about fees and buses debated to its root. The three presenteers dicuss vaious aspects of the issue approaching it form its core reality. Students debate that core relaity

2. REVERTING TO CULTURAL NORMS

Beasly shows how rhetoric has been the vehicle for shaping American identity as 'one if us' rather than as 'one of them'. Certain U.S. presidents too -- especially Wilson, Harding, and Coolidge - achieved progressiveness by asking Americans to include minorities as part of 'us'. It was in this way that they helped women sufracgacy and helped women gain voting rights. Presidential rhetorical taught cultural norms through their inclusive messages. According to Rorty (whom Beasly often quotes) rather than some Hegelian metaphysical spirit shaping U.S. change, it was presidential rhetoric that focused on institution and crated cultural norms and customs. It was this rhetoric that shaped progress.

In the movie with presenters arguing for students to take buses at least during one episode they revert to cultural norms as for instance the woman syaign that it would cut costs (which they all want) as well as reduce pollution.

3. TRANSCENDENT APPEAL ONE

Lyndon's speech appeals to transcendental ideals. Take these utterances for instance:

'Our mission is at once the oldest and the most basic of this country: to right wrong, to do….....

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