Management Theory Analysis of Action Research Paper

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From the beginning of Organizational Development (OD), the action research model (ARM) has been the systematizing advance for doing OD. There are four stages that lead to continuous improvement. During the plan stage, choices are made about what may be undertaken to advance the organization and its practices, by means of a diversity of choice making apparatus. During the do stage, those tactics are put into practice in a provisional or test implementation. During the check stage measurements are done in order to establish whether the test implementation did, in actuality, produce the desired results. During the act stage, the course, if victorious, is put into practice. "Whether successful or unsuccessful, the next stage is to begin the cycle all over again with a Plan stage. If successful, the new plans should explore what more can be done to improve the processes. If unsuccessful, new data may be gathered to determine what went wrong, and new plans are piloted to see whether they will improve the processes" (Mclean, 2009).

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A closed system is one that is independent and functions fairly free from external pressures. The majority of organizations are open systems and are therefore very reliant on external resources, such as suppliers and buyers. In particular, these systems are impacted by four regions of external influence: abilities of staff, legal and political rules, financial issues, and cultural environments. Management procedures must be planned to become accustomed to these persuasions (Management, 2012). The ARM is entrenched in open systems theory and advances to appreciate societies and organizations. "Change in one area of a system always results in changes in other areas and change in one area cannot be sustained without supporting changes in other areas of the system" (Mclean, 2009)......

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