Othello As Tragic Hero While Othello Is Research Paper

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Othello as Tragic Hero

While Othello is not Greek and Shakespeare is not a Greek playwright, Othello embodies many characteristics of a tragic hero as outlined by Aristotle.

What is a tragic hero?

Person who is neither perfect in virtue and justice, nor someone who falls into misfortune through vice and depravity, but rather, one who succumbs through some miscalculation.

Othello is manipulated by Iago to murder Desdemona

Iago uses Othello's trusting nature against him

Hero falls because of tragic flaw/hamartia

Tragic choices are made through free will

No one forces Othello to act as he did, Iago simply pushes him iii. Tragic flaws include jealousy, stubbornness, and misplaced trust

Misplaced trust

Othello surrounds himself by people who want to destroy him -- Iago.

Iago sees Othello's trusting nature as a weapon

Iago attacks Othello because he was passed up for promotion iii. Iago attacks Othello because he hates him

b. Othello does not know who to trust/refuses to consider Iago might be lying

i. Trusts Iago over Desdemona while he should trust Desdemona over Iago

III. Jealousy

a. Othello treats Desdemona as an object/possession

b. Iago convinces Othello that Desdemona is cheating on him with Cassio

IV. Free will

a. Othello makes no effort to uncover truth

b. More focused on civil duty

c. Would rather trust Iago than his own instinct

d. Lack of communication contributes to Othello's fall; does not approach Desdemona to determine truth behind Iago's accusations

i. Desdemona never given opportunity to defend herself

e. No supernatural intervention

V. Catharsis

a. Play allows audience to experience catharsis

i. Othello admits his wrongdoings, commits suicide

ii. Iago is apprehended, executed iii. Roderigo & Emiliana are murdered by Iago

iv. Desdemona's murderers are brought to justice through their respective deaths

VI. Conclusion

a. Othello cannot recognize danger of trusting Iago

b. Othello can only blame himself in the end

c. Iago proved to Othello that he was qualified for the position of lieutenant through his scheming and manipulations -- essentially waged war on Othello through psychology

William Shakespeare's Othello, the Moor of Venice follows Othello's fall from a position of honor and respect at the hands of Iago, his trusted ancient, who seeks to exact unwarranted revenge on his leader for a promotion that he believes he was entitled to. Although it would appear to be more logical to attack the system that allowed Iago to passed up for promotion, Iago attacks Othello because he hates him and is jealous of his position and the opportunities that have been afforded to him despite his race and background. While Othello is not Greek and Shakespeare is not a Greek playwright, Othello embodies many characteristics of a tragic hero as outlined by Aristotle.

Aristotle defined a tragic hero as a noble "person who is neither perfect in virtue and justice, nor one who falls into misfortune through vice and depravity, but rather, one who succumbs through some miscalculation" (Brown, 2005). In Othello's case, Othello is manipulated by Iago into acting out against his wife, Desdemona, not because she has done anything wrong, but rather because Iago knows, "The Moor is of a free and open nature,/That thinks men honest that but seem to be so,/And will as tenderly be led by the nose/As asses are" (Shakespeare, 1603, 1.3.756-59). Furthermore, this tragic hero's fall results from "free choice, not of accident or villainy or some overriding, malignant fate" (Aristotle, n.d.). A tragic hero's fall is often facilitated through a tragic flaw, which Aristotle called hamartia, or is facilitated through divine intervention. In Othello, the Moor of Venice, Othello's actions are not forced by any external or other supernatural force, but rather his decisions are made freely, although not wisely. In Othello's case, Iago is able to manipulate him by exploiting Othello's tragic flaws: jealousy, stubbornness, and misplaced trust. John Arthos (1958) argues, "the faults of honor are, of course, the faults of pride in part" (p. 98). That being said, it can be argued that Othello's pride prevents him from communicating with those around him, specifically Desdemona, and thus interferes with him uncovering the truth behind Iago's baseless accusations.

Othello is easily victimized by Iago because he is unable to see or consider that the trusted men he surrounds himself with could ever be deceitful. As stated before, Iago is able to manipulate Othello because of his trusting nature. Iago perceives this as a weakness, and after his initial plan of having Othello persecuted by Brabantio for allegedly bewitching and marrying Desdemona backfires, he commences on a psychological barrage on Othello.

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Iago thus proceeds to attack Othello from every angle possible -- through his wife and through his friend, Michael Cassio who also happens to have been promoted to a high-ranking position that Iago believes should have been award to him because while Cassio has the education to justify the promotion, Iago contends that his experience outweighs Casio's knowledge.

One of Othello's fatal flaws is his inability to differentiate between the people he can trust and those he cannot trust. At the beginning of the play, Othello has no reason not to trust Iago and perceives him to be a trusting and loyal ensign. Othello and Iago have fought side-by-side on various occasions. Throughout the entire play, Othello's trust in Iago is unwavering because of this history, which facilitates Iago's manipulations. On the other hand, while Desdemona has not been able to demonstrate to Othello that she can be trusted to the same capacity as Iago, Desdemona should be trusted by Othello because she is his wife and has his best interests at heart. Furthermore, Desdemona has worked to gain Othello's trust and she loves him "for the dangers [he] had pass'd,/And [he] loved her that she did pity them" (Shakespeare, 1603, 1.3.512-12). Othello's love for Desdemona borders on obsessive and possessive; Othello is not happy when Desdemona is away from him and seemingly parades her as though she were a prized object, sometimes putting her life and well-being at risk by taking her with him onto the battlefield.

Othello's secondary flaw is his possessive attitude towards Desdemona. While this is not an intellectual flaw per se, it is an emotional flaw. Iago is able to successfully convince Othello that Desdemona has been unfaithful to him and has been engaged in an adulterous affair with Michael Cassio, whom Iago also hates as well as Cassio was promoted to the position of lieutenant despite not having any combat experience. Once Iago plants the seed of doubt in Othello's mind regarding Desdemona, Othello's attitude towards his wife is irrevocably altered. For example, when Desdemona attempts to comfort and help ease her husband's headache he states, "Your napkin is too little: Let it alone," which not only catches Desdemona, but also causes her to drop the napkin, which Othello later claims is enchanted and a symbol of her fidelity or infidelity (Shakespeare, 1603, 3.3.1952; 3.3.1954).

Othello's manipulations and the choices that he makes are not influenced by a supernatural force as often was seen in Greek tragedies, but rather are a consequence of free will. Had Othello been more focused on trying to figure out the truth rather than been focused on his civic duty and placing his trust on people that were "loyal" to him, he would not have been put into such a predicament. Othello chose to trust Iago over his wife rather than examining the allegations made by Iago. The only person that Othello can blame in this situation is himself, just as he is the only person he can trust without a doubt. Had Othello had a more open line of communication with his wife, it is almost certain Desdemona would have had the chance to defend herself against her accuser and in the process, prevented her death at the hands of her jealous husband. Ultimately, Othello's downfall is attributed to a series of the ill-advised choices he makes; despite the malicious manipulations of Iago, Iago did not force Othello's hand nor did he implicitly direct Othello's actions.

As a result of the misguided decisions Othello makes, the marital relationship between him and Desdemona disintegrates and finally ends in the demise of both. Like Iago, Desdemona's reluctance to speak up and clear up the misinformation that has been fed to Othello also contributes to Othello's tragic fall. It can be argued that Desdemona has been forced to be submissive through Othello's behavior towards her. Othello appears to be quick to anger; this is evident when Othello slaps Desdemona without sans provocation. Othello is borderline abusive towards Desdemona and does not allow her to defend herself, correct him, or stand up against his domineering ways; Desdemona's only reaction is to state, "I have not deserved this," yet does not proceed to attempt to defend herself any further (Shakespeare, 1603, 4.1.2682). While entering into the bonds of marriage should signify that Othello is entrusting Desdemona with everything that he is and that she is doing the same, Othello does not give….....

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