Ryle (in Chapter One of Essay

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For instance, Freud tells us that a king and queen represents one's parents; that small animals and vermin represent one's brothers and sisters; that female genitals are represented by receptacles of various kinds including jewel-boxes, and that gliding, sliding and pulling off a branch all represent masturbation. Strikingly, Freud gives us no evidence for such claims. Might it be possible to support these claims with evidence? If so, please offer a conjecture as to what sort of evidence might be sought in support of these claims. If not, please explain how we should respond to Freud's interpretive claims if they cannot be supported with evidence.

It seems to me extremely difficult if not impossible to support these claims with evidence. One way to do so may be by taking nay number of these claims e.g that jewel boxes resemble female genitals and by studying a certain population -- large enough so that it be reliable -- using fMRI. The implicit association test could be used where the subjects are shown jewelery boxes and then shown a range of pictures, one of which is female genitals. Hooked up to fMRI imaging, neural imagery could indicate whether the same neural response is configured between that image and the other, and whether this response differs to response generated when seeing other images.

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Nonetheless, there are various problems with this study, not least being that we can never be sure that association if it occurs indicates linkage or whether brain reaction may actually be unrelated and whether response to both images are interdependent.

My inclination is to respond to Freud's claim in a skeptical way saying that by pointing to the unconscious, Freud is inherently withholding us from possibility of evidence and therefore there can be no certainty of proclaiming these assumption as true. They may be true, they may be false but until they can be empirically demonstrated, according to the canon of scientific evidence in an authoritative scientific way, we can never accept them as reliable truth.

More so, Freud's allegations are also not credible due to their generic factor. It can never be falsified, for if you falsified it you were told that you were not in touch with your unconscious. True science, as per Popper, is falsifiable. Freud's, at best, is mythical and fantastical. At worst, it serves only to delude......

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