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Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony
The Scientific Method
The scientific method is one of the most commonly utilized mechanisms in physical science to develop and conduct experiments. This method consists of several sequential steps, which are reflections of what happens during the scientific process. The use of the scientific method in conducting experiments is influenced by its ability to help lessen experimental bias and errors, which contribute towards poor results. Through lessening bias and errors in experiments, the scientific method enhances the reliability and accuracy of the results, which in turn enhances the researcher's confidence. The… Continue Reading...
by what it is not: it is not about using the scientific method to study human behavior, and it is not about studying personality or psychoses. Rather, phenomenological psychology is about understanding the nature of reality itself, through an evaluation of both individual and collective human psychological experience. Husserl set forth principles for ontology in psychology as well as epistemology, which can be especially useful when studying the divergent experiences of those with psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, whose sense of reality is radically different from their peers and yet theoretically no less “real,” (Wertz, 2005).
Besides Husserl, the primary contributors to… Continue Reading...
cannot do that (Euro Stem Cell, 2012).
The great thing about science is that thanks to the scientific method, we have been able to identify different types of stem cells and make progress towards using them to help people with severe injuries overcome their injuries and become whole again. The scientific method is really a simple process -- but by following it great things can be discovered. The first step in the scientific method is to ask a question -- and you have done that by asking me about stem cells. The second step is to do background research, and that is what I'm helping you with… Continue Reading...
with global warming (Thompson).
The scientific method suggests that after gathering all available evidence and forming a hypothesis, the… Continue Reading...
language both in spoken and written presentations of scientific information.
• Key Vocabulary:
Science, scientists, famous scientists, scientific methods
Resources and Materials
• Resources: class text-books, handouts, charts etc.
• Materials: worksheets, games, projector, Smartboard, paper, pencils, art supplies, cards, post- its, etc.)
NOTE: Attach and/or embed any relevant handouts, activities, templates, PPT slides, etc. that are referenced and utilized in this lesson.
Prior Academic Learning and Prerequisite Skills
• Prior Academic Learning and Prerequisite Skills:
Misconceptions: Teacher distributes Assessment 1.1; this is an Inquiry-based research whose purpose is to pre-assess the background knowledge of the students. The assessment is in alignment with the learning targets and… Continue Reading...
realm of behaviorism, which went on to influence other branches of psychology that rely heavily on the scientific method. Humanistic, transpersonal, and existential psychology evolved from the 1960s onward and is a radical response to both behaviorism and to psychoanalysis. May, Maslow, and Rogers are the three most important figures in HTE psychology. These three movements share surprisingly little in common in spite of their all falling under the rubric of psychology.
Each of these movements has been essential in evolving the field of psychology. Psychoanalysis offered unique insights into the nature of human personality and the origins of pathological thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Freud’s theory divides… Continue Reading...
why? Phenomenological research does not naturally lend itself to constructing a hypothesis along the lines of the scientific method. It is by definition context-specific and observational. There is no attempt to isolate particular variables from the researcher’s framework and simply focus on a single phenomenon. Husserl’s use of bracketing frames any predictions specifically from a first-person standpoint: “to ensure that the respective item is described exactly as is experienced, or intended, by the subject” (Beyer, 2016, p.5). The observer can predict that he or she will perceive something but not state that this observation is true of the phenomenon itself. Thus the scientific method with a predictive… Continue Reading...
on the subconscious mind. Behaviorism was the first attempt to study human behavior using the scientific method. However, there were many different approaches to behaviorism.
II. The Early Foundations of Behaviorism
A. The structuralism versus functionalism debate
1. Structuralism: Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Tichener tried to show that they could use introspection as a scientific method with the goal of objectively understanding the structures of the human mind or consciousness.
2. Functionalism: William James and later behaviorists were more interested in how the mind works and why the mind reacts to stimuli as it does.
B. Functionalism was a direct extension of Darwinism.
C. John… Continue Reading...
experimentation as an fundamental element of the modern scientific method (Hajar, 2011).
Against this backdrop, it is not surprising that many scientists continue to support the use of animals for scientific testing and experimentation. This support, however, exists along a continuum from wholesale approval of using animals for virtually any purpose that might benefit humankind, including ensuring the safety of commercial products for use by humans (Bishop & Manupello, 2012). For instance, Galanes (2010) reports that, “Commercial products are tested on animals to ensure product safety for consumers. [R]egulations and laws were created to allow for the testing… Continue Reading...
information to make important decisions,” (p. 1). The scientific method is used to acquire and analyze information. Using the scientific method, it is possible to test hypotheses again and again, to come up with verifiable and repeatable experiments that can yield factual and provable data.
The most important elements of the scientific method include observation, identification, description, investigation, and explanation. Observation is often the genesis of scientific inquiry. Observing an interesting, important, unique, or unusual phenomenon might lead to a hypothesis about why that phenomenon exists or what meaning it has. A social scientist observes human behavior. A… Continue Reading...
scientific method: theories and hypotheses could be developed based on observations and education. These hypotheses could be tested, just as one tests a new drug before it reaches the market to see if it is effective in addressing the problem it was designed to address. One could address the ills or problems of society by observing social facts, developing theories of human behavior, testing the theories, and evaluating the results. Durkheim’s methodology could be said to have influenced the behavioralists in so far as they sought ways to determine and… Continue Reading...
scientific method whereby a hypothesis is first propounded, methods are formulated to test that hypothesis and a conclusion is drawn from the resulting empirical observations and findings, the ontological argumentative approach begins with a hypothesis that cannot be logically refuted and arguments to the contrary are either misinformed, ill-intentioned or ignorant of the reality of God’s existence and are therefore erroneous. This apparently unassailable position, of course, begs the attempt to refute it but the ontological arguments in support of the existence of God do not brook refutation.
The rationale… Continue Reading...
pharmaceutical. Inductive logic, rigorously performed, is the primary assumption behind the scientific method, whereby a hypothesis is generated based upon past research about a new scenario. After observing the scenario, the hypothesis is either proven correct or incorrect. Regardless of the outcome, the experiment can and must be able to be performed by another individual. In other words, the uniformity of knowledge must be able to be replicated by another individual.
The challenge of consistency is one of the objections raised to qualitative versus… Continue Reading...
Watson deserves the most credit for being the first person to propose behaviorism as a science, using the tools of the scientific method to measure human behavior. However, human behavior is remarkably complex and Watson’s early research failed to capture the nuances of human cognitive-behavioral responses. Pavlov built upon Watson’s foundation, and is probably the most famous of all the pioneering behaviorists. Pavlov’s famous dog experiments have become part of the common vernacular (Clark, 2004). Like Pavlov, B.F. Skinner focused on operant conditioning. However, Skinner took the entire concept of conditioning a step further by showing how stimuli could be manipulated to manipulate responses. Pavlov had yet to break free from… Continue Reading...
scientific method" (as though method were lacking in the pre-modern world) and states: "This nature of scientific method, which consists partly in being inseparable from the content, and partly in determining the rhythm of its movement by its own agency, finds, as we mentioned before, its… Continue Reading...
negated the importance of experimental studies and other applications of the scientific method to psychological inquiry because these methods have a way of dehumanizing and devaluing personal experience (McLeod, 2015). Theorists like Rogers and Maslow found was more useful to apply qualitative methods that would allow the person to open up and share their thoughts, beliefs, experiences, and perceptions. Thus, the therapist and the client work together to discover ways of finding meaning in life experiences.
Carl Rogers promoted the value of unconditional positive regard within the therapeutic relationship. In fact, Rogers also believed that all satisfying human relationships are based… Continue Reading...
designs, however, which begin with a research hypothesis in the format of the scientific method or a data-derived research question that can be answered in a narrow fashion, phenomenology is more general in its approach and focuses upon simply understanding and observing a particular phenomenon in a variety of ways. According to Groenewald (2004), “the operative word in phenomenological research is ‘describe.’ The aim of the researcher is to describe as accurately as possible the phenomenon, refraining from any pre-given framework, but remaining true to the facts” (p.44). Although phenomenology may be relatively unstructured, it requires ruthless self-examination on the part of the… Continue Reading...
the founding fathers of behaviorism, B.F. Skinner, proposed a science of human behavior in which behavior could be measured and controlled using scientific methods and principles (Baum, 2011). Coinciding with radical behaviorism is research in the realm of psychobiology, which shows there are biological causes and effects of behavior. These biological causes and effects can be measured using various means such as physiological tests, blood tests for hormones, and electroencephalograms. Specifically , police brutality can be construed of as a learned response to stressful situations. The stress response is “located both in the central nervous system and the periphery,” involving the release of hormones that either mitigate the stress or exacerbate it… Continue Reading...
