He pioneered sweeping reforms in the Egyptian education specifically focusing on the schooling of women. (p.90) Ali Abdal Raziq discusses he authority of the caliphs and argued that Islam can never constitute the legitimate basis of a nation state. Continue Reading...
Introduction Turkey is a secular state but is largely influenced by the Islamic religion. Almost 99% of the Turkish population practices the Islamic faith (Ghanim, 2009). The four major aspects that characterize Turkey include Islam, secularism, demo Continue Reading...
The litanies of the order are believed to have been taught to al-Tijani directly by the Prophet Mohammed. In these visions, al-Tijani was instructed to break ties with other orders, and followers of the Tijaniyyah path were restricted to affiliation Continue Reading...
Political chiefs (zucama) from a few powerful families dominated Shici politics into the 1960s and continued their control through extensive support networks. The authority of the zucama varied on their clients' support, but by the 1960s hundreds of Continue Reading...
Kemal Ataturk Kemal Ataturk, founder of modern Turkey and its first elected president, was born as Mustafa on March 12, 1881 in Salonika or Thessaloniki, in Greece which was then under the Ottoman Empire. His father, Ali Reza Efendi, was a customs Continue Reading...
Civil Wars It is estimated that between 1900 and 1967, there were 526 civil wars called throughout the world (Civil pp). Today, there are literally dozens of wars going on around the globe, and dozens more that have ended during recent years, such a Continue Reading...
Turkish Revolution as Defined by the Six Arrows of Kemalism The Turkish Republic On October 29th, 1923, the country of Turkey was proclaimed a Republic and Mustafa Kemal was elected its first President, with Ismet (Inonu) as the first Prime Ministe Continue Reading...
Question Three Not only was France the seat of the Treaty of Versailles that ended the First World War, but also it became an important actor in the international relations that would shape the international community with the end of the war. Dest Continue Reading...
