Smoking and Periodontal Disease Smoking Thesis

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The researchers of this study found that subgingival levels of Bacteroides forsythus and actinobacillus was more among smokers when compared with non-smokers. Umeda et.al (1998) also reported that smokers had increased levels (or = 4.61) of Treponema denticola. These studies clearly show that smokers have increased oral pathogenic bacterial infection. [D.F.Kinane, 2000]

Smoking induced alveolar bone loss was confirmed by a 1991 Swedish study. In this radiographic study the Swedish dental hygienists observed that all the smoking subjects showed a pattern of greater distance between the cemento enamel junction and the interdental septum when compared to nonsmokers. [D.F.Kinane, 2000] Another longitudinal Swedish study conducted over a period of 10 years, which analyzed 293 young people, reported that young smokers who smoked more than 15 cigarettes per day carried a 78% risk for developing periodontal disease. Martinez -Canut et.al (1995), a Spanish study involving 889 patients found that smoking status was an important criteria that determined gingival recession, pocket depth and probing attachment level in the subjects.

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The researchers reported that probing attachment levels increased with the increase in the number of cigarettes consumed per day. (from.5% for one cigarette to 10% for 20 cigarettes) [D.F.Kinane, 2000]

Conclusion

Smoking clearly has a detrimental effect on oral health. Smoking increases the proliferation of oral pathogenic flora and predisposes the patient to periodontal damage and tooth loss. Several research studies have proved that smoking cigarettes or pipes can cause severe plague accumulation, gingival recession and alveolar bone loss, ultimately leading to tooth loss. Cigarette smokers also have very poor prognosis for periodontal treatment or surgery. With so much of research pointing to the ill effects of smoking both on periodontal disease proliferation and impaired healing, it is incumbent upon dentists to make their patients aware of the serious negative health impact of smoking. There is no question of doubt that abstinence from smoking is the best way to improve our oral and overall health......

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