Social and Cultural Movements That Essay

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The rise of the middle class and the Industrial Revolution brought forth a demand to render this emerging class in fiction, and not simply relegate it to the sidelines of prose narratives in the United States. Realism in the United States is often said to stretch from the Civil War to the end of the 19th century. The interest in Realism was also spawned by the crisis of national confidence that occurred after that bloody battle. Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, and later Henry James are all classified as Realistic writers who "wrote fiction devoted to accurate representation and an exploration of American lives in various contexts" (Campbell 2008). Also as the United States grew rapidly after the Civil War, "the increasing rates of democracy and literacy, the rapid growth in industrialism and urbanization, an expanding population base due to immigration, and a relative rise in middle-class affluence provided a fertile literary environment for readers interested in understanding these rapid shifts in culture" (Campbell 2008).

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More Americans had money to buy books, more Americans could read, and more Americans were interested in talking about and debating the new, national purpose of the nation.

The claim of realism that it rendered life 'as it was' of course was not entirely accurate -- Twain's and Flaubert's satires of morality and hypocrisy, for example, show a clear authorial intent. Beneath the grittiness of Upton Sinclair's the Jungle there is a muckraking agenda on the part of the author, even though the tone of the work 'feels realistic.' But these works, because of the subject matter and their spare, vernacular dialogue and description 'felt' more realistic to their audiences, even though the idea that what was 'real' was scientific, unsentimental, and descriptive of all walks of life was itself a literary judgment.

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