West Nile Virus Emerging Infectious Research Paper

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Worldwide, the distribution pattern of WNV is mainly found in the northern, eastern and southern regions of Africa, parts of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia. On a global scale, mortality rate of diseases caused by WNV human infection could range from 2.4% to as high as 47% (Bourne, 2011). In the United States, CDC reports its latest (2011) data showing that there have been a total of 432 WNV infections reported as of October 2011. Sixty-seven percent of this reported human infections are neuroinvasive cases (encephalitis / meningitis), while about 5% resulted to death. Across states, California has the most number of cases of WNV human infection at 87 cases (20%), followed by Mississippi as far second (46 cases, or 11% of total reported cases). The prevalence of WNV human infection in these states reflects the virus' characteristic as thriving in tropical / temperate regions. CDC has not published any reported case of WNV human infection in Oklahoma as of October 2011, indicating that among the U.S. states, the distribution pattern of the virus and diseases resulting from its infection are potentially not prevalent in the state at all (taking into account the fact that among U.S. states, only Hawaii, Alaska and Oregon do not report "WNV human, bird, veterinary or mosquito activity" since 1999 (Mostashari et.

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al., 1999).

Population at risk of WNV infection are found to be the elderly, indicating that "something associated with older age results in a higher risk for development of more serious central nervous system (CNS) disease" (CDC, 2003). Reported cases of laboratory workers on infectious disease are also known to be at risk of WNV human infection. Populations living in tropical or temperate regions reported to have prevalent WNV human infection, such as parts of Eastern Europe, Africa, and Central and South Asia, are also identified as at-risk populations.

As per CDC regulations, mandated prevention and control for WNV infection is to implement an integrated mosquito management program. This includes heightened larval mosquito surveillance, virus surveillance, water management and lastly, health education and public information about WNV infection in susceptible and at-risk populations (CDC, 2003)......

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